Thursday, February 28, 2019

Ethics in Professionals Essay

. Salgo v Leland Sanford University visiting card of Trustees notes that if the health professional do not present both the unavoidable facts that will form the basis for the decision of the persevering, the professional has committed a violation. The longanimous has to undergo an operation in the heart, in his aorta. Before the operation, he is well. After the operation, the patient experienced paralysis in his lower extremities and that the form is permanent.There has been negligence in the part of the doctors and they fail to explain to the patient all the details of the single-valued function (Standford 1957). 2. Arato v. Avedon states that the physicians must present the accurate statistics regarding the demeanor expectancy of patients regarding their case so they could plan for their death. Arato was suffering from an illness in his pancreas. He was told by the doctors to undergo F. A. M. chemotherapy. The doctors have failed to give the patient the chances of convalesc ent after the chemotheraphy (LSU Law Center 1993).3. The Schloendorff case has been part of the history of certified acquiesce when the concept was made upon the decision of the judge that adults and those who are undefended of thinking well can determine what can be through to his body and that any professionals who work on a patients body without the latters consent is guilty of assault and is conjectural of any charges. It says that as long as the patient is capable of reclaim thinking, he can give his consent regarding the operation to his body. The victim has near problems in her stomach.When she was under anesthesia, the doctor performed removal of fibroid tumor. The patient only gave her consent to have ether examination. After the operation, the patient has to be amputated because of infection and necrose (Szczygiel). 4. Canterbury v. Spence also states that all cultivation regarding the result, the risks, benefits of the operation must be revealed to the patient. Th e patient was suffering from back pains. The doctors performed an operation which resulted in paralysis. The doctors failed to disclose the risks of the operation (Stanford, 1972). 5.The forbearing Self-Determination Act provides a document of the adjusts of the patients to participate in make decisions for their own safety and make directives. It also says that violation of it makes the health professionals ethically liable. B. Timeline Schloendorff case (1914) ? Salgo v. Leland Sanford University Board of Trustees (1957) ? Canterbury v. Spemce (1972) ? Arato v. Avedon ? Patient Self-Determination Act (PSDA) (1991) C. Informed agree Informed Consent involves the participation of the patient regarding the decision to whether a procedure will be do to the patient or not. The patient has the right to give consent.Informed consent means that the patient is intercommunicate regarding all the information that is necessary for the patient to have a basis in making his decision. Info rmation includes the status of his illness, the life expectancy, the discussion that could be done and its risks and benefits, and all other possible treatments. The patients must also be informed to the possible consequences of not performing the treatment or even the consequences if the treatment is performedWorks CitedLSU Law Center. 1993. No duty to inform patient of non-medical information ARATO v. AVEDON 858 P. 2d 598 (Cal 1993) available from http//biotech.law. lsu. edu/cases/ consent/ARATO_v_AVEDON. htm 15 February 2009 Stanford University. 1957. Salgo v. Leland Stanford etc. Bd. Trustees, 154 Cal. App. 2d 560 available from http//www. stanford. edu/ host/psylawseminar/Salgo. htm 15 February 2009 . 1972. Canterbury v. Spence. , 464 F. 2d 772 (D. C. Cir. 1972) available from http//www. stanford. edu/group/psylawseminar/Canterbury. htm 15 February 2009 Szczygiel, Tony. 1914. Mary E. Schloendorff, Appellant, v. The Society of the New York Hospital, responsive available from http//wings. buffalo. edu/faculty/research/ bioethics/schloen0. html 15 February 2009

PhD Dissertation Chapter 1

The Fundamental ComponentsChapter One, one of any inquiry thesis or dissertation, should lay down the basis and the documentarys any tec would want to achieve in such(prenominal) undertaking.This chapter consists of the background and Theoretical role exemplar of the Study, statement of the worry and the Hypotheses, Significance of the Study, the Definition of Terms and moulding. The statements made in these subsections should be clearly stated.In the first subsection, the background canvassament officially introduce the topic and discuss the rationale of choosing the problem as easy as its theoretical framework.Another one is that the Statement of the Problem and the Hypotheses should be couched in clear and measurable endpoints. This part describes the purposes why the interrogationer is conducting the memorize and enumerates the hypotheses to be heared.Third, the Significance of the Study will cite the benefits that could be derived as a essence.Next, the definition of terms should give the conceptual as hygienic as the operational meanings of the terms in relation to the usher in study.Finally, the Delimitation part will set the limits and scope of the Study.The AnalysisThe subject of the present depth psychology is the Chapter of a Dissertation Proposal.The Background of the StudyAs stated previously in the report of the Background of the Study, the Chapter 1 of the present research lacks a Research championship to serve as a basis of the Chapter 1 component of the dissertation. Having no title, the researcher or the reader of the present work will beat a vexed time guessing what the Chapter was all about. Thus, he will only have to guess the appropriate title of this research which is missing. The research describes the different excellent lessons used by other developed countries. Since this is the case, these models to my head bear no relevance to what the research is all about uncomplete to be used as a link to the research tit le.Though I must admit that the researcher stated his intention or tenableness for conducting these research is to provide theoretical background to the claim that the TPEM is loadedly found on management possibleness this thus not negate the item that in using to explain his intention through TQM and operation-based models, Resource-based View (RBV) and the stakeholder theory (ST) he employed a research paradigm which was not justly explained either in in-text or via graphical representation. How can the researchers establish a prior kin in the midst of enablers and public presentation indicators is important before examen their causal linkages? It should be properly explained.The Problem Statement and Research ObjectivesThe Statement of the Problem section provides a description of the purpose of the study and enumerates the Hypotheses to be tested.The researcher in this part stated the the enabler consist of leadership, organizational ending and values, strategies an d objectives, best practices, innovation, and change management and the results set comprises of productivity, employee satisfaction, customer relationship and stakeholder pore and the performance results. To my mind these be the variables that will be used to take up the researchers desired end.The Statement of the Problem here is couched in general terms which is very difficult to determine what statistical mechanism to be used or is it measurable using statistics. To wit how equivalent is TPEM to other previous performance models such as MBNQA, EQA and Kanjis. What similarities or differences that co-exist between TQM based models such as MBNQA, EQA or Kanjis and other performance-based models such as Competitive fitness model, Blue-chip characteristics, and World class manufacturing model since TPEM is claimed to be beyond quality management perspectives, does the model have strong foundation in management theories. What theories could explain its performance factors or ena blers and what are the theoretical roots of models performance factors and do the dimensions identified as enablers (called capabilities, and stakeholder centre in this thesis) affect community performance.This statement should be trim into simple terms that could be posterd, even in practical terms, by a given statistical tools otherwise, it will be very hard to come up with a concrete answer for these statements.In corresponding manner, some of the objectives or the specific questions that need to be answered are couched in general terms or even misplaced, to wit ttheoretically clarify the TPEM in spite of appearance management theories to clarify each enablers (organizational capability and stakeholder tension) as determined by TQM and other related performance-based models to clarify the company performance dimension of the result portion of total performance model to establish a adapted measurement items for each dimension of capability, stakeholder focus and company pe rformance to pass the dimensions of the model to test the relationship between each dimension of the capability, stakeholder focus against company performance to test the structural linkage between organizational capability, stakeholder focus, and company performance with the stakeholder focus as a mediating variable and to test the goodness of fit of the model.How can we measure through clarification the company performance dimension of the result portion of total performance model? How can we establish in a statistical terms a suitable measurement items for each dimension of capability, stakeholder focus and company performance? How can we validate the models dimension? How can we measure the structural linkage between organizational capability, stakeholder focus, and company performance with the stakeholder focus as a mediating variable? To me this is quite broad and diffused.In the question to test the relationship between each dimension of the capability, stakeholder focus aga inst company performance this should be stated in this manner Is there a relationship between..stakeholders focus and company performance? Lastly, never state in the object the kind of statistical tool to be used as in this case to test the goodness of fit of the model. Use the explicate association or relationship in forming the specific objectives.In general, the objective part needs to be re-written in order to respond to the Problem Statement. Otherwise, the aims of the research will not be attained.Significance of the StudyIn this section, the researcher should focus on the studys significance to its purported end user. Never explain literary productions or describe the models. Stay on the unique significance of the present study to the community or organization where the researcher belongs.Definition of TermsThe definition of term lacks the conceptual and operational definition of terms of selected words unique to the study. The researcher only includes a purported definitio n without even citing the correct reference of each term of words. Also, the researcher failed to include the operational definition of this words as used in the thesis or dissertation.ReferenceShearer, C (1994). Practical constant Improvement for Professional Services, ASQC Quality Press, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, p. 163-165.

Wednesday, February 27, 2019

Analysing on Liberty by John Stuart Mill Essay

Humanitys strains to study the state of bon ton have stretched back throughout the ages. From forefathers such as Socrates or Aristophanes to the slap-up enlightenment philosophers of Locke or Voltaire, all have grappled with the questions of how humanity best functions as a collective. bottom Stuart hang around, hailed as a paradigmatic liberal goernmental philosopher, continues this tradition of intelligent opinion in his work On freedom produce in 1859. nerds major argument made is that the personist is sovereign in their exertions insofar as they do non prosecute upon the rights of otherwises.His justifications centre strongly on the recipes of utilitarianism, providing a model he believes to crack the greatest happiness to the greatest consider. Through specific analysis it privy be seen that he optimizes societal benefit by placing import on indistinguishability besides conversely justifying ex subprogramly when governance and restraint involve to be exer cised. everywhereall, his finiss are an attempt to unify two competing amicable factors, man-to-man liberty against circumstances in which power can be exerted over a nonher(prenominal), articulated in what has become known as the misemploy principle.The first and nigh fundamental principle lollygag holds is outlined in the introductory chapter and describes the necessity for man to be free over Over himself, over his own body and mind ( drudgery, 1859 31). Individual liberty is not only considered personally fulfilling, further also beneficial to the progress of culture for Mankind are great gainers by suffering each other to eff as seems good to themselves, than by compelling each to live as seems good to the rest (Mill, 1859 33).It is important to note that Mill does not endorse freedom of expression for its own sake but for the greater purpose of stimulating treatment His argument for liberty of expression is in fact an argument for liberty of discussion (Larvor, 200 6 3) To support his claims, he highlights ternion uncomplicated freedoms in order of importance. Firstly, the freedom of thought itself should be open-ended second we should have the freedom to pursue tastes to suit our own ca utilise (Mill, 1859 33) regardless of whether social convention deemsotherwise lastly, the freedom for citizens to unite, providing such action will not harm others. This thinking of the harm principle is vainglorious in On Liberty for each of these freedoms are subject to the overarching rule that liberty is complete so long as it does not without excusable cause, do harm to others (Mill 1859 72). He also notes that it is obvious that freedom of thought and of the mind does not directly correlate to freedom of action, for No peerless pretends that actions should be as free as opinions (Mill 1859 72).He bases this on the logic that if ones free actions impinge upon anothers happiness, then the affected fellowships own freedom is violated, outweighin g the benefits of the first individuals liberty. His conclusion is therefore that in things which do not primarily concern others, individuality should assert itself (1859 73). This reasoning is fundamentally based in utilitarianism, which Mill is a eminent proponent of, as the key deciding factor necessarily to be maximum pleasure for minimum harm. The harm principle is the primary restraining factor on an individuals calculus of liberty but Mill is not so blindingly liberal that he does not do it the importance of government in obligeing social stability. In fact, Mills definition of liberty itself is intimately linked with authoritative intervention for he takes liberty to be the absence of human interference with the individuals actions (Crocker, 1980 1). Again, utility becomes the butt of question in deciding how pervasive governing bodies ought be. Mill contends, the mend end for which mankind are warranted, individually or collectively in interfering with the liberty of action of any of their number, is self-protectionHis own good, any physical or moral, is not sufficient warrant. It is here where Mill refers to the idea of tyranny of the majority, that pressure from the masses can be as pervasive as an oppressive state for there is much intangible a difficulty in arguing against the tyranny of the prevailing opinion and feeling. (Mill, 1859 7) Yet here it is apparent that Mill defends the use of ordinary pressure to control offensive opinion. Where then is the line drawn regarding what is unique, individual and valuable thought, and what is deemed inappropriate? While Mills consistent self-criticism oftentimes enriches his argument, there are contradictory moments wherein his expressions are not only ambiguous, but contradictory (Parker, 1865 5).The idea of utility is once again at play, so far Mills contradictions destabilise hismain point being that the use of outside force can be used defensively against anothers individuality if it woul d cause anothers liberty harm. As well as discussing and arguing Mill offers a number of disclaimers in his argument including the inapplicability of children or those who require the care of others and also backward states of association in which the race itself whitethorn be considered as in its minority (Mill, 1859 14).He also notes that a person A person may cause evil to others not only by his actions but by his inaction such as failing to help save a person when they are directly able to but choose against it. This idea has been argued against extensively in modern debate, particularly on a legal level. Many states, Australia amongst them, require no duty or obligation to act in such a way, the rationale being the protection of the autonomy (Edelman, 2011 2).Liberty is irrevocably violated if one has no choice in a matter, even if that matter may be for social good. In an attempt to promote utilitarianism and provide an argument that supports social wellbeing, Mill has contra dicted his own seemingly inviolate idea of individual sovereignty. Another hole in his discourse is that There seems then no obstacle in principle deep down utilitarian morality to a policy which indeed prevents harm but at the expense of the most basic interests of a minority (Gray, 2003 7). erstwhile more the tyranny of the majority is at question and Mills regard for individuality is destabilized by the conflicting interest of utilitarianism. It is apparent that Mills account is not watertight and this is acknowledged with the criticism On Liberty has received. In essence Mill concerns himself with the struggle between empowerment and liberty, (Mill, 1859 3) as the essential factors to be balanced in order to maintain stable society. On an individual level, liberty is restrained by the harm principle and on a social plane governance and commonplace pressure control it. Beyond these factors, individuality is considered a sacred thing, which should be embraced for the good of p rogress. His entire theory is grounded solidly in utilitarian ideals, whereby social progression and greatest satisfaction is the primary goal. While a number of contentious arise throughout Mills discussions, overall the arguments are discursive and coherent. On Liberty will continue to be an iconic if not contentious piece in political literature, as will most social theory which has been and will come in the future.Reference careenEdelman, James. 2011. Change of position A defence of unjust disenrichment (presented at the dive of the Restatement (Third) Restitution and Unjust Enrichment, Boston University Law School 16-17 September 2011) Gray, John and Smith, G.W., eds. 2002. JS Mills On Liberty In Focus. capital of the United Kingdom Routeledge Gray, John. 1983. Mill On Liberty. A DefenceGray, John. 1979. John Stuart Mill handed-down and Revisionist Interpretations. Literature of Liberty 2(2) 7-37Hayek, F.A. 2011. The Constitution of Liberty. New York The University of Chica go Press. Larvor, Brendan. 2006. Mill on Liberty of Thought and Discussion in John Stuart Mill On Liberty Discussions (British Humanist Association). Mill, John Stuart. (1859). On Liberty. London Cambridge University Press.

Martin Luther King Letter from Jail Essay

Martin Luther king believes that the only way to wipe onward the injustices experienced within Birmingham City was through holding peaceful negotiations in order to resolve the issues amicably.In the article, Ways of Meeting Oppression by Martin Luther King Jr, tries to bring out Injustices and Oppression, which rescue been prevalent issues within our society. He believed that scurrilous Americans could win equal in force(p)s by peaceful means much(prenominal) as peaceful boycotts and marches. He always reminded Americans that their nations principles were justice, granting immunity and equality.Luther Kings argument for non-violent protest against the greater good of military man beings may be the disobedience by the authorities, solely as Erich Fronmon states in his essay Disobedience is a psychological and Moral Problem, that some(prenominal) act of disobedience against any inhuman law state is virtuously correct and is for the betterment of the human kind.In his speech I have a dream, He says that his nation will rise up to the true meaning of its creedthat all men treated equally. He believed that his children will live to the expectation of his dreams and that equality, both the uncontaminating people and the char people would exercise fairness and justice.In Martin Luther King message campaign for Equality in 1963 , he shared his dream of equality with the exsanguine Americans , like many a nonher(prenominal) other obscure American he was non treated properly they were forced to use separate al black schools, restaurants and stores. They had different entrances for the black people and certain parts of the nation denied the right to vote.Thus, the placing of laws was for the arising conditions, People needed apprisedness of such needs. Peaceful negotiations and boycotts held by Martin Luther and his staff paved way for the rapidly gained equality in their rights.In the garner to Birmingham jail, racial and education sequestration are u ndermining goals to the hate inflicted upon the African American community. In the speech at the Great March on Detroit in 23 June 1963, held in Washington, King expound upon making the American stargaze a reality.Following the letter from Birmingham jail he state that, the Negro is no longer willing to accept racial segregation in any of its dimensions. He considered segregation as wrong because it was a system of adultery, perpetuated by illicit intercourse between injustice and immorality.educational segregation was one of the key issues that affected not only societal segregation in general but also the lives of the lives of the many black Americans. Most black schools were nt funded well and as result, there was poor education among the students. This finally translated into the black people acquiring the blister jobs hence unable to afford the decent housing acquired by the white Americans. He continued struggling against segregation and with his aim, he went to Alabama and Birmingham metropolis to watch the injustice practiced there.In order to conclude the many civil rights protest boycotts and demonstrations, there was reinforcement on segregation issues to those aware of it. Eventually it leads to the abolishment of segregation as law and through sentence changing racist attitudes altogether (Mendoza).In conclusion, the unjust law not only has inflicted pain and anguish among the black Americans but also but compelled them to total misery. Racial discrimination, hatred and education segregation are leakage folds of the injustice practiced.

Tuesday, February 26, 2019

Marriage †Cause and Effect Essay

Growing up children be surrounded with a fairy tale life, the gayly of all time after. As girls we be supposed to wait for our prince charming and he bequeath live us forever and for boys it is finding and rescuing a beautiful princess who flush toilet cook, clean, and is loved by all creatures. That is what marriage is based off of as a child, that that perspective changes once we encounter a fiddling handle of the concept of love and we really see what marriage is. trade union is not something anyone goes into lightly and maybe our expectations of the fairy tale life be why divorce is so comm exclusively sought.There are umpteen reason whys pile get wed for love, money, status or because it is the redress thing to do. For those who marry for love, it is because you share common ground with the other person. They go forth become your other half as they will have the analogous beliefs, passions and values as you. After dating and being together for a while we lear n that marriage and children are next on the accord list. So the marriage is set and a ceremony held and they live happily ever after, but what roughly checks do not grasp after they are married is that there is not a experience of pure individualism any more.When married what is mine is yours and yours is mine. There are no longer his or her problems they evolve into us problems. Hence these individual problems root into a bigger problem- chat. When couples are equal to talk they are likely to solve their problems, but disagreements due to the neglect of communication notify often lead to arguments. Not being able to communicate drive out be simply caused by the differences of being a male and female, but if the couple wants to move forward in their lives together and be able to relate to each other, than learning how to converse is grievous.When we do not disembodied spirit understood, we react, whether it is silently, verbally, or with action but not once does it occu r to us that the other person is also laborious to be understood. Thus the blood will continue in a cycle of poor communication leading in intimately likely a divorce. Communication is important in all relationships regardless if the relationship is intended for love or other personal gains. Some males and females try to cash in by being greedy and choosing to get married for money when they choose a partner that they can depend on for life.Most of victims are singers, freelance businessmen/women, actresses, or elder liberal singles. Although they may not be forced into the marriage, these wealthy persons are unaware of the ulterior motives of their partner. The effect of marrying only for love is the eventual unfold of the lies and deceits of the particular partner. other effect is if that rich person loses their wealth, the outcome is all the same. Depending if the person lost wealth or the victim finds out the straightforward motive of the relationship they will most likel y divorce this person and continue on their search for true love or money.Another reason why a couple would get married is because it is the make up thing to do, which usually operator that there is a child out of wedlock. The purpose of getting married for a child is so that the child will get the right idea fall in love, get married, have a child. Another objective is that the couple who is not necessarily in love is trying to build love from this child/union. The outcome of this method is that the child ends up driving the couple apart, because of the demand and needs.The primary care taker cannot be only if committed to their lover because the child needs attention and care for their proclaim hale-being. If one person feels there is not enough attention they cleverness be unfaithful and/or just leave. Trying to build love in a relationship where time is precious and cannot be worn-out(a) just between the two people is extremely hard and most of those relationships fall th rough because there will be a lack of commitment. There are many reasons why people choose to get married and the outcome of those reasons depends solely on the level of commitment and how well the couple interacts with each other.Growing up with the ideal that there is a Prince charming or a beautiful damsel in distraint and living happily ever after is not a living approach to a marriage, for marriages take more work than what appears. There is a level of trust, honesty, and most importantly communication that needs to be met in order for it to be successful, but unfortunately in these times where people have been accustomed to shotgun weddings, the divorce happens just as fast.

Evaluation of Teaching and Learning Approaches Essay

Different didactics and discipline approaches were utilise during the sitting according to the requirement of the activities. * For health and natural rubber induction Q&A, writing (Task sheet) and lecture methods ( more(prenominal) information was given) were used. * Effectiveness of the command and tuition approaches Learners participate in this activity fully and effectively. They told me what they already know and what they get intot know yet. By this activity they got more information to the highest degree fire exits, reception, lady toilets, coffee and the student support centre in the All Saints building of Worcester College where this session was held. No hazards were found in the house room. * step for that approach I believe that teaching concern always has chance of improvement and give wayment. In 30mins microteaching session, health and safety concerns locoweed be limited to hazards in class and fire exits. * For Ice golden chance activity Q&A (Discussio n) and sackings (Writing) methods were used. * Effectiveness of the methods or approaches Learners were stress free and happy to share the information about the breakfast they had in that morning. Learners also unflinching who had healthiest breakfast regarding highest calories and nutrition. * Steps that can be taken for further improvement The question for ice breaking activity can make better in the sense that it can be more clearly related to the topic of the session. * The teaching and seeing approaches for introduction, explanation and calculation of the area PowerPoint, flannel board, handouts and Q&A (Discussion) methods were used. * Effectiveness of the approaches For introduction of the topic, PowerPoint was used which was very effective because learners rejoinder was very positive about it. Learners found it very interesting, helpful to apprehend the topic and they learned more about its implications in ordinary life. * Steps for further improvement One more video c ould play to exempt more the topic in better way. Visual instruction back up left their effects for long time. More PowerPoint clips can be used to make session more interesting and more informative. * The teaching and learning approaches for learn by practice Learners were given proceeding sheet to do the practice of what they learnt and to find the area where they have problems and what they have need to learn more? *Effectiveness of the approach Learners took this activity seriously. They tried best to answers in all the questions. One learner asked the questions where she found difficult to calculate the area. At the egress of this activity, the learners confidence increased and they found their selves better in calculations of area. * Steps for further improvement Some more questions can be added in work sheet for more practice to calculate the area of square, rectangle and triangle. More learning aids like boxes of square, rectangle and triangle shape can be used. * The teaching and learning approaches for review of the session Q&A and task sheet (review handout forms) used to review the session. * Effectiveness of the approaches To review the session by Q&A and by using task sheet was very positive to luff out the areas of teaching and learning which can be made better, peculiarly learning material can be made better. In 30mins session the teaching and learning process can be made more effective by making the learning material limited to numeration of the area of square and rectangle. * Evaluation of the session in regard of item-by-item learners need. In my session no learner had individual needs. So thither was no need to make any special arrangements to hold the session. newsworthiness count 605

Monday, February 25, 2019

Bat Mitzvah Thank You Speach Essay

Im am precise happy to stand up here in my synagogue as I be enumerate Bat mitsvah learned that my family has been a part of tbs for some(prenominal) many years. There have been many celebrations on this Bima including my parents wedding and my Dads Bar Mitzvah. And, now its my turn Through all the help of my Hebraic School teachers I have not only learned the skills to prepare me for my Bat Mitzvah day but have learned the important mitzvot or commandments of existence Jewish.One of those mitzvot is Tikun Olam or making the world a better place. In the next couple of months I pull up stakes be working on my Mitzvah project. I will be collecting boxes of colored pencils to present to the unique organization, The Color Pencil Project. This organization is a non-profit organization created to amplification the access of art supplies to children in developing countries. I hope you will help me support this wonderful cause. I could not get to this horizontal surface in my life w ithout the help of many people.So, first off I would like to thank all my family and friends who helped and participated in the service, especially those who have come a great distance to celebrate with me. Thank you to all my Hebrew school teachers especially Morah Sarah who had to deal with me for three years, lead the service Friday wickedness and made my beautiful Tallis. Thank you to Rabbi Scolnic for his support, understanding and guidance. And a big waul out to Marcie (aka Marcielino), for not only beingness my Halftorah tutor but for being my friend and always having faith in me. btw, stickle it, just a little bit) Thank you Aunt Leslie and Uncle Paul for searching high and funky in Jerusalem to find me the perfect Jewish start necklace that I am wearing at present Thank you to Aunt Sharon for having patience and fetching me dress shopping and allowing me to borrow these stunning shoes. Thank you to Marissa for being the better(p) cousin and encouraging me to try on my party dress. Thank you to my granny for knitting me my Yalmukah that I will cherish forever.And to my sister, Jess, you have been really patient not always by chose but, still sat there slice I sang my halftorah or doing my work. shes a pretty* good sister for a 17 year old and I love her very berry much(this is where you awww). oh and the most special thank you of them all, to my parents. cant forget that. if my parents werent here encouraging me i would honestly only know closely 3 verses of the halftorah. I wouldnt be standing here today without their support and love.

A Perspective on Water Crisis Essay

Global peeing crisis is mavin of the braggygest problems that the world is facing. Fresh urine resources be increasingly becoming scarce now and probably for the next decades. Less than one-half of 1% of all the body of body of peeing supply on the syllabuset comprises the operational modern and exculpated smashed (Maude). humankind already used more than half of the worlds keen fresh body of weewee and by the year 2025 the wasting disease of fresh body of peeing entrust increase to three-quarters. Global piddle consumption becomes double every 20 years and if this trend continues, the supply of fresh peeing go forth not be enough for the expect of the worlds commonwealth by 2025. human Bank and World Heath Organization noted that in that location argon about 2 billion mountain shake up no glide slope to clean and safe weewee and about 1 billion masses subscribe no enough clean water to meet their insouciant water requirements. Depleted water resou rces atomic number 18 attributed to the intensive urbanization, deforestation, water diversion, industrial farming and population ripening. As the world population increases, the consumption of kind freshwater may grow six-fold (Maude). As a result of water crisis, lots of people suffer and die from water and sanitation tie in diseases such as diarrhea, cholera, dysentery, and hepatitis.Unfortunately, exclusively about of the lamentableest countries in the globe atomic number 18 the ones who be experiencing water shortage. Uganda is locate at the Sub-Saharan Africa and is among the distressingest countries around the globe. The rural argona relies simply on countrified industry however, secondary than half of the arable solid ground is subject for cultivation. Large part of the land argona (more or less 82%) of the landed estate is arable, however more than 67% of the country has poor ferralitic soil which has nearly disconnected its mineral content callable to prolonged weathering. Thus, becoming soil management is needed for the soil to regain its lost nutrients.The economy of the country has a great potential, considering the potentials of its agriculture and natural resources. on that point is a great possibility that Uganda provide recover from tryingies, most peculiarly from poverty. However, due to swell up-nigh brisk problems that the country is facing, it seems to be difficult for Uganda to thresh from poverty. One of the biggest problems that the country is facing today is water crisis. piddle crisis by all odds affect the country as a whole alters to Ugandas poverty and worsen her current situation (Dauda, 2003).The country of Uganda is definitely endowed with water resources. About 18% of the total surface area of the country is cover with renewable water resources including lakes, rivers and wetlands. Approximately, it green goddess supply an individual of Uganda with 2,800 m of water in a year (Dauda, 2003). Th ese fresh water resources are considered as the essential resource for experienceing life, preserving the environment, uphold festering and alleviating poverty in the country. It has compute impact the quality of life of Ugandans and their productivity as a whole.water system is very essential to Uganda since it plays an essential role in the production of adapted supply of food for the country as well as furnish electric index finger all over the country. It is the key resource of the countrys agriculture, food processing and separate agro-industries which provides employment to the people of Uganda. deflection from supporting Ugandas agriculture and industry, water overly provides electric power to the country. Indeed, it is the source of hydropower which is the countrys main resource of abundant and barefaced electric power.The socio-economic development of the country depends altogether on the energy produced from hydropower. unforesightful power supply so-and-sonot support Ugandas large-scale manufacturing industries and agro-industries which may look at to scurvy economic level of the country (National weewee tuition say, 2005). The major freshwater resources of Uganda embarrass rain, surface or open water and groundwater. rain is the most vital source of freshwater of the country. The rainfall pattern in the country greatly influences the land use potential and consequently the population dispersion.The rainfall pattern of Uganda is influenced by the local topography and the presence of Lake capital of Seychelles. Rainfall in Uganda tilts to increase with altitude meanwhile, rainfall is apt to decrease with the distance from the lake. spicy rainfall is noted on the central and western separate of Lake Victoria and over the mountain. An different doer that determines the incident of rainfall is the countrys season. The most stable rain season in Uganda is from the months of March to may meanwhile, the reported variable rainy m onths in Uganda is from October to December (National pee using report, 2005).The major freshwater resources of Uganda are in the form of lakes and rivers. These open sources are often used for the supply of hydropower in the country. The major resources of hydropower in Uganda are the Nile River and Lake Victoria. Lake Victoria supports the fisheries industry of Uganda and provide water supply to the majority of people of Uganda. Indeed, the Lake is withal supporting the agriculture industry along its shoreline (National Water organic evolution Report, 2005). However, the Lakes potential use for the future is now in inquire since it is experiencing dying up which triplets to lower water levels.The available water go away in Lake Victoria may not be enough to sustain the required hydroelectric power generation (Xinhua News Agency). Other water bodies include Kyoga, Albert, George, Edward, Ruizi, Katonga, Kafu, Mpologoma and Aswa (National Water maturement Report, 2005). Som e of these lakes, most e fussyly those on the western and central part are alike drying up due to drought which threatens the cattle industry in the area. Cattles produce little access to water which may lead to lower production rate and low quality of Cattles (Xinhua News Agency).In addition to drought, the quality of surface water has been deteriorating with time. In most parts of the country, surface and ground water are already polluted due to increased urbanization and population as well as human activities such as poor verdant practices, poor sanitation practices, industrial waste discharge, and mining activities (National Water phylogenesis Report, 2005). Aquifers, which can only be generated and recharged by endogenous precipitation, are also essential resource of freshwater in Uganda. It is the major source of water in rural, semi-arid and arid areas in the country.The occurrent of groundwater is heightsschoolly dependent on the geologic formation in the country. Ug anda is endowed with productive aquifers water this can be attributed to the geology of Uganda which is dominated by crystalline Basement Complex of pre-Cambrian age. some(prenominal) than 90% of the country is underlie by different kinds of rocks which predominantly include granites, granitoid gneisses and gneisses. Ground water resources are generally make up on the subway system layer of unconsolidated materials such as weathered bedrock, silt and clay.This groundwater can only be extracted through wells. The highest yielding and productive groundwater can be found in weathered-fractured bedrock which has high permeability (National Water culture Report, 2005). In general, the groundwater of Uganda is in good and sound condition. There are no traces of cyanogenic substances that may threaten the health of the people in Uganda. Moreover, these aquifers adjudge significant amount of minerals such as aluminum, calcium, magnesium metal cations, chloride, iron, atomic number 25 and chromium that may not curtilage harm to the people of Uganda.Consequently, there are few parts of the country that are found to have high amounts of these minerals and have traces of high nitrate and chromium levels in some areas. Aside from high amount of minerals, it was also reported that some parts of the country have found to be positive in Coliform bacteria. pollution of the aquifers is attributed to deterioration of the borehole casings, leaching of sewage wastes, weathering of aquifer environment as well as poor sanitation condition in the areas around the aquifers (National Water Development Report 2005).In general, the handiness and preservation of water resources in Uganda solely relies on diverse environmental, sociological and cultural factors. The approachability of freshwater resources depends on the dispersion of water bodies on the country. It is kn protest that freshwater resources in Uganda base a great part of the country. However, due to its uneven d istribution and seasonality, availability of water is stock-still a big problem on most parts of the country. Ugandans find it difficult to have an easy access to fresh and clean water.Women together with their young are spending so much time and energy on passing a mile-long way just to fetch water from areas with adequate supply of clean water. The uneven distribution of water resources in the country also influences the agro-industry in the country. Cattle raisers tend to transfer from place to place just to find safe and sufficient water for the cattles. As a result, disease spread and transfer brought by the cattles becomes prevalent on various regions of the country (Xinhua News Agency).Meanwhile, uneven distribution of groundwater greatly influenced the accessibility of Ugandans to clean water. Regions endowed with productive groundwater are therefore rich in geological characteristics (National Water Development Report 2005). The occurrence of extreme weather conditions ha s a great effect on the availability and safety of water on the country. Heavy rains may cause to fill and consequently may contaminate the water resources of the some regions in the country. dirty water may result to more serious problems such as disease outbreaks, epidemics and even death.Contaminated water is the key reason to the high and increasing mortality rate of Ugandans especially of infants (National Water Development Report 2005). It is reported that most number of mortality occurs on infants and this can be attributed to less accessibility to clean and safe water. Meanwhile, erratic rainfall and seasonality of the occurrence of rainfall in the country resulted to desertification of arable lands. These definitely affect several(prenominal) industries in the country especially those that greatly depend on water (i. e. agricultural industries) (Dauda, 2003).Some of the suspected major reasons of water resources deterioration in Uganda are rapid growth population, urbaniz ation, industrial enterprise, relentless environmental degradation and deforestation as well as pollution. High population density greatly influenced the availability of water resources in Uganda. The population of Uganda in 2007 is approximately 30. 9 million and more than half of it is comprised of infants. The country has an average annual growth rate of 3. 4% which is one of the highest growth rates in the globe. The demand for water relatively increased while the supply decreased with high population density.And as what the country is experiencing, there is no enough clean water for all. Increased population attach to by urbanization and industrialization resulted to increased pollution and deforestation. Most of the land bodies are converted to industries which produces toxic wastes that pollute the environment especially water bodies. This contributes to the decreased supply of water in Uganda. Depleted water supply is also attributed to poor agricultural practices in the c ountry such as cultivation, pastoral activities, and livestock practices. scant(p) sanitation is also identified as a possible cause of freshwater shortage in Uganda.Some of the land owners that cultivate their own lands seem to be unaware of environmentally sustainable practices. They have poor knowledge on these methods that they do any practices which may pollute their environment. These practices accompanied by poor sanitation go away indeed bring prejudicial effect on Ugandas environment. Poor sanitation practices are among the factors that contribute to depleted water supply and water related diseases in Uganda. fetching and purifying water are very labor intensive, considering the distance that Ugandans walk just to discover clean and safe water.They often share and die hard polluted water from water resources where farm animals usually dwell. However, as an effortless routine, it became arduous to the people of Uganda to fetch water from distance places and to consume so much time purifying the water that they fetched. People tend to trim the hazard that the contaminated water may bring them they just subscribe the water as ease without purifying it. As a result, development of water related diseases became prevalent in Uganda (Dauda, 2003). Another major factor that leads to water shortage in Uganda is spheric warming.Majority of Ugandas water table, especially the northern and northeastern part is dry due to global warming and environmental degradation (Dauda, 2003). Global warming may also contribute to the occurrence on the extreme weather condition in the country such as El Nino and La Nina. Moreover, these parts of the country are experiencing wide fluctuations in the availability of water amongst wet and dry seasons as well as variations in the onset of rainfall as a result of the extreme weather conditions (National Water Development Report 2005).Prolonged drought, which leads to drying up of significant water tables of Uganda, has al so menace the food security in the country. Due to prolonged drought, production of raw material foods of Ugandans such as sorghum and millet relatively decreased (EuropaWorld). Just uniform any other country, Uganda is rich in traditions and belief. They value their culture so much it comes to a point that their beliefs and traditions hinder the possibility of development in their country. There are existing cultural norms that are related to the water bodies in Uganda.Some of the water bodies in Uganda are believed to have special healing powers for many an(prenominal) diseases and supernatural dwellers as well. Moreover, these water bodies have potentials for many significant uses such as hydropower resource and irrigation for agricultural industries. However, due to confining cultural attachment of people of Uganda to these water resources, the government found it difficult to create potential programs that will optimize the use of the water resources in the country (Nation al Water Development Report 2005).Aside from various problems state previously that have great impact on freshwater availability, Ugandas near regions seem to contribute on the water crisis that it is experiencing. Majority of Ugandas freshwater resources have existing surmounting frontiers which bound the country from maximize its use on its own water resources within its territory. Though they have legal riparian rights to have a share on the water resources, these transboundaries definitely affect the socio-economic growth of the country since water is considered to be as the key player in the development of Uganda (Encounter Uganda Well Health).For one thing, these transboundaries attend as the main competitors of Uganda from the available water resources. People of Uganda have little access to large water resources since they are restricted to come crossways the boundary of another country. Moreover, these crossing frontiers not only prevent Uganda from optimizing its ava ilable freshwater resources but source of food and employment as well (National Water Development Report 2005). In order to unravel the existing problems in Uganda, its government decided to make some modifications on its various sectors, most especially the water sector.Several studies and situational analyses are conducted by the water sector that leads to preparation of comprehensive strategy of water sector and enthronisation strategies. The government has anticipated many factors and they made it possible that the strategies may still be implemented on the sector up to 2015. The government has already started implementing some of the strategies and one of these is Sector Wide Approach to Planning (business deal). SWAP requires all stakeholders to participate in the planning and implementation of the sectors activities while optimizing benefits for all.The strategy has provided a regular budget on the programs that are made which is relatively different to the previous programs that the sector has made (National Water Development Report 2005). Another significant program that also aimed to call down sustainable management and development of water resources of the riparian regions is the Collaborative league Program. The program is focused in improving the coordination of efforts of the different stakeholders. The program is also focused on harmonizing strategies and plans that involves sustainable management and development of the shared water resources.This makes Uganda very eager to have a sozzled relationship with its neighboring regions. Uganda became enthusiastic with regard to making joint plan, management and development of the water resources that they shared. Ugandas aim on making collaboration with her transboundaries is for all of them to obtain fair benefits from the water resources as well as to ensure that they will get sufficient supply of clean water. Fair utilization and consumption of shared water provide a high opportunity for sustai nable use of resources as well as sustainable growth and development.Moreover, Uganda will be able to support its economic and social objectives through collaborating with its cross frontiers (National Water Development Report 2005). The riparian countries including Uganda will have comparable to(predicate) advantages from the equitable use of shared water. While building a close relationship with the riparian countries, the potentials of the existing industries in Uganda may be demonstrable through collaboration with her neighboring regions. Advancement in its industries may lead to economic development of the country and in turn advancement on the quality of life and well being of its whole nation.Meanwhile, there are potential conflicts identified in the implementation of collaboration program between the riparian countries. Aside from the common objective that the riparian countries agreed on making the joint collaboration, these countries also have different interests which m ake a potential conflict between them. They made plans and implemented projects which do not take into favor the wide coverage of the shared water resources. They do not anticipate the possible conflicts that may arise by implanting their plans.As a result, some of their individual plans for the development of their own countries are contradicting with the plans of other countries. Plans of other countries will not be possible if other countries plan will be allowed. Another issue that makes the joint program mingled is the mistrust among the cross frontiers. This issue seems to be unavoidable since the riparian countries have different objectives and interest in joining the joint program. They refuse to sight their own data regarding the shared water resources as well as information of their plans and strategies.Since the riparian countries have no idea of the plans and programs of other riparian countries there are instances that the individual projects implemented are the same with other countries (National Water Development Report 2005). The last issue identified is the payoff of the environment. One of the minor objectives of the joint program is to conserve the environment however, it is found to be difficult to implement their plans and projects while not taking into consideration the possible negative effect that it may bring to their environment.The main headache here is the methods of the activities and projects as well as the way these are conducted. Countries located on the downstream of the shared water resources are threatened by the possible effect of the activities that the upstream countries are conducting. Also due to mistrust, they are not guaranteed that the upstream countries are performing the activities in a proper way. It is essential that both the upstream and downstream countries will conduct their programs and projects in such a way that these programs will not affect that conservation of environment that they are promoting in the country.Through this little start, there will be a great possibility that their countries will surpass big problems such as water crisis and most of all poverty.ReferencesBarlow, Maude. The global water crisis and the Commodification of the worlds water supply A Special Report issued by the International Forum on Globalization (IFG). Retrieved may 30, 2008, from http//www. thirdworldtraveler. com/Water/Global_Trade_BG. html Toure, Dauda. 2003. The Millennium Development Goals Progress Report for Uganda. Retrieved May30, 2008, from http//www. undg.org/archive_docs/6197-Denmark_MDG_Report. pdf 2005. National Water Development Report Uganda. Retrieved May 30, 2008, from http//www. unesdoc. unesco. org/images/0014/001467/146760E. pdf Xinhua News Agency. 2006. Lakes in Uganda dry up due to prolonged drought. Retrieved May 29, 2008, from highbeam. com/doc database. Encounter Uganda Well Health. Retrieved May 29, 2008 from water_website database. EuropaWorld. 2003, February 21. Northe rn Uganda The Forgotten Crisis. Retrieved May 29, 2008, from http//www. europaworld. org/week117/northernuganda21203. htm

Sunday, February 24, 2019

Documents of American History Essay

potty Adams is an of the essence(p) figure in the history of this country at the most important time in its history the time of its birth. He is a towering figure in American History and his accomplish custodyts speak to protecting the castigates of his fellow men, until now if those men were British soldiers accused of shooting Americans as was the case with the Boston shambles of 1770. lavatory Adams served as minister to France in 1777 when at that time, the colonists badly take French intervention if they ever hoped to win the American Revolution. Adams in each case had a contributing role in Americas proclamation of license as he was a vocal member of the Continental Congress. Adams also wrote the Massachusetts State Constitution, including its turn on of Rights. All of the above menti aced speak to the admire of independence and the protection of these rights to which Adams spoke so dearly.So then why during the 20th century, was Adams almost vilified compared to h is friend and one time enemy doubting Thomas Jefferson? It is peculiar how History seems to take sides over one issue of vilifies or glorifies one psyche above his real role in life. two(prenominal) Thomas Jefferson and Abraham Lincoln enjoyed much(prenominal) an honor during the latter half of the nineteenth century and into the 20th. Only recently, when it is almost certain, that Jefferson fathered children of a mixed breed, yet silent owned 200 slaves at a time, when Adams spoke to the emancipation of slavery, does the play field become more level.This is especially true with David McCulloughs control John Adams, which actually sparked a Congressional insight into the importance of John Adams and a rethinking by the American human beings, spoke about the legacy of a man who was vital to the survival of this new test called the American Republic. Adams is vilified to a certain tier for two actions forcing his bitterness over the loss of the 1800 election, not to greet th e incoming President as is the custom now, and the dreaded estrange and lawlessness Acts of 1798 which horrified Thomas Jefferson and helped lead to the one time scoop out friends, not to speak to speak to each other for another twelve eld.Both John Adams and Thomas Jefferson will be forever conjugate together in American history. The 2nd and 3rd presidents of The United States and one time best friends, who afterwards became political rivals and has the distinction of dying on the same day the 50 anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence, were giants in the quest for American Independence. John Adams, twice, served as a diplomat to France both during the American Revolution as well(p) as in the years immediately following the war.Both Jefferson and Adams were very important times since historians later hailed French involvement in the American Revolution as what helped glum the tide of the war in the favor of the colonists. (McCullough, 2001 p. 322) And as the war was nearing its end, John Adams wrote his states Constitution as well as its Bill of Rights. This Constitution, more than each other of its time, expanded these rights, to a greater degree than had been seen previously. Adams was instrumental in procuring the freedom of African Americans, who in Jeffersons Virginia, would insure to be slaves or live in slave like conditions well after the end of the Civil War and despite the passage of the 13th, fourteenth and 15th Amendments. But it would not be until the 20th century that such(prenominal) ironies were given their proper attention.But it would be the passage of the 1798 outlander and mutiny Act that would puzzle and infuriate all those that had been a part of the expression of the Constitutions Bill of Rights in 1791 and specifically, the 1st amendment which protected, among others, a persons right of free speech. (Burns, 1997) This meaning has been expanded over the years but then as well as now, its first usage was to protect one who criticized the government, from reprisal.The 1798 Alien and Sedition Acts seemed to come in unconditioned contrast to this most sacred of rights within the American Constitution. It said That if all persons shall unlawfully combine or conspire together, with intent to oppose any measure or measures of the government of the United States, which are or shall be directed by proper authority, or to impede the operation of any law of the United States Shall be punished by a finely not exceeding $5,000 or a term in prison amid five months to six years. (Commanger, 1947 p. 177) This Act would later be repealed alone to see the light of day again in 1918 during WWI. But such measures, horrified Thomas Jefferson and in response, wrote along with his friend James Madison, the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions which were in direct response to the Sedition Acts and portrayed the further split between the Federalist and Democratic Parties, made even wider by the pers onal disunion caused by Adams and Jefferson.The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions tell that no power over freedom of religion, freedom of speech, or freedom of the press being delegated by the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, all lawful powers respecting the same did of right remain, and were reserved to the States, or to the people. (Commanger, 1947 p. 179) This meant that Jefferson, of all time distrusting of big government and in line with his belief in states rights, proclaim that the federal government had no jurisdiction in enforcing the Alien and Sedition Acts as well as the fact that such restrictions on merciful freedom was in express contradiction to the Constitution and the ideals in which the American Revolution was fought in the first place.Everyone who had been locked up or fined under the Alien and Sedition Act was either set free or reimbursed by the federal government along with written apologies when Thomas Jefferson took ov er as President in March of 1801.The feud between Jefferson and Adams, made even larger by the ugliness of the 1800 Presidential election, lasted until 1812, when both were out of public office. Jefferson started a correspondence with Adams in what would become one of the most poignant and heart filled pieces of American literature. They both reminisced about their time together, hoping that this experiment in human democracy called the United States was actually going to throw or not. Apologies were not given but rather regret that so much time has been lost to two people that were so important to the nation as well as to each other, were expressed in the correspondence.And what has to be one of the greatest coincidences in American history, two giants of American freedom who did not always practice what they preached Adams enforcement of the Alien and Sedition Acts, and Jefferson personally owning more than 200 slaves for most of his lifetime, but still responsible for the ref inement of human rights in America, died on the 50th anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence. Each died while saying that the other still lives. They were both right in that respect.

History based on the life of the original Macbeth Essay

Eleventh snow Scotland was a violent and libertine coun sample. Family and supposedly loyal admirers rebelled once morest mavin an some other for trading and territory purposes.The threats of an opposite invasion or an attack on fortresses were extremely common. Rampant Vi barons and local anesthetic Scottish work delineate raided constantly to weaken and more importantly cause erupt the stubborn opposing forces that lay in their path.Macbeth was born into this wicked environment in 1005, countersign of the victorious family that stamped its authority on moray and Ross signifi give the bouncet argonas in Scotland. The family itself betrayed themselves as being loving and caring to wizard another, however, intern on the wholey they were scarred ment whollyy, as a final result of their fathers conclusion who was evidently murdered by his cousins.Macbeth clearly emotionally distracted by his fathers death, concentrated his thoughts on leading a comparatively normal life, keep goinged by Brauch his new companion granddaughter to a juicy King of Scotland. Subsequently they had no children of their own.The present findr of Scotland was Dun potentiometer, an in causeual and evidently unpopular person amidst the civil problems. Not surprisingly some adept obliterate him at the age of thirty-eight. Historians believe that it may consume unquestion equal to(p)ly been Macbeth, just now there is no conclusive evidence to confirm their theories.Macbeth seized this unique opportunity, and was elect High King of Scotland in 1040 he ruled for seventeen years. As predecessor of the reviled Dun croup, his slayset printing priority during his sign ten years in power, was to bring peace and relative stability to his problematic kingdom, notably he was fairly successful at doing-so he became a reforming King accordingly.He managed to balance out and annihilate the majority of the negative feelings amongst the population. Unfortunately for him, his gre at and most fatal hurdle materialized in the form Duncans son Malcolm, who was absolutely determined to take control of Scotland. He ingeniously invaded the component part in 1054, aided by the English King Edward the Confessor.Macbeth himself was brutally kill on the 15th of August 1057 at Peel Ring Lumphanan in Mar. He was buried at Iona, respectively the sacred sepulchre place of the Kings of Scotland.Was this epic period of Scottish Hi novel the basis for Shakespeargon Macbeth?Shakespeare was a recordnted take onw just, not a historian. However, the past provides an excellent source for basing a flourishing play. It is exciting factual material with which if one is in branchectually sound, can modify and adapt to conjure up maximum dramatic effect and a truly brilliant and entertaining stage production. diachronic evidence bestows writers with a fruitful background an imaginative base on which one can construct a sophisticated p mint candy of ground that entices the cons ultations mind, liveency and soul. For Shakespeare this would stick out been incredibly difficult to originate, hence the host below the rostrum that were either damn right rude or absolutely sloshed. Indeed, it is true to say that some of his dramas were not as hooked or dominant, fortunately Macbeth kink out different, and would be a prevailing representation production for hundreds of years.Shakespeare was an independent character, one who thrived on his own personal contactment, and one who was not afraid to alter and develop trusted features regarding a story to accomplish supreme dramatic effect.The epicenter of Macbeth pivoted s strikely the eleventh century ancestors he obviously ac enjoyledged the great potential in these characters. He evidently thought it necessary to convert, invent and abolish particular characteristics surround the events of eleventh century Scotland. He established lady Macbeths somnambulism and death, the banquet scene and Banquos ghos t, and most of the cauldron scene.With a diminished imagination and adaptation he reversed King Duncans wicked personality into a love and greatly advised role feign. He likewise eliminated Macbeths ten years of good rule to make the scenario and atmosphere more impelling e reallything he purposely change was in the interest of the play.Interestingly, King James I was in power, when Shakespeare first presented Macbeth in 1603. I personally find this rather intriguing, because the actual storyline consists of many of King Jamess personal comforts and interests.It is obvious that King James was a superior influence on the effect of the play he helps to conjure up some fruitful en thereforeiasm for Shakespeare this, and the colourful Scottish pass metres, provides a feast of knowledge and ideas for Shakespeare to meander his magic upon.He gratefully accepted this priceless gift, and alter it into one of the greatest tragedies this world has literally ever experienced.What message is Shakespeare trying to set out across?I feel it important for one and me to find that the play is meaningfully founded on the corruption of power. Although the supernatural, fascinating individuals and inexplicable undertakings fabricate a unique atmosphere to the play, the nucleus consists off events that revolve around the abuse of power.It is true to say that this is present and happening in our modern society, take Hitler for example. He was a dictator who possessed a fatal amount of power, he used it to brainwash community, so that he could do what he wanted. He started by wiping out an entire race, known as the Jews he and his fixation to be in control was a major factor in triggering the Second World War.A comparison can be made between him and Macbeth, both of which abused their authority.Shakespeare is trying to vanquish this eminent message across to his go steadyers.Witchcraft and Murderous Schemes.If one is nearly-known(prenominal) with the tragedy , one provide know that Shakespeare wrote and directed it, at a time in which murders and witchcraft were everyday issues.In fact, the majority of the oecumenical semipublic seriously believed and feared the paranormal universe, so much so, individuals who were thought to be actual witches were tried, tested and eventually killed. During this time, witch mania r apieceed terrifying proportions hundreds of sinless people usually women were condemned to immediate execution, without an adequate assessment. As anticipated, a small minority were against this plentifulness persecution, merely they and their justifiable opinions were suffocated without due consideration by the bulk of the general public.Essay Targets.Macbeth has complicated plots that comprise of numerous acts and scenes. I am attempting to mastermind an essay focusing on three specific scenes. The essay is to be written in a directors point of assure as if I was to direct these three selected scenes interpret I, Scene 3. pretend I, Scene 5. stand for 5, Scene 5.I feel that these three scenes collectively describe the basic tale and downfall of Macbeth himself.Act I, Scene 3 meets the witches, which influences his decision to kill the king.Act I, Scene 5 noble fair sex Macbeth plots to kill Duncan herself and confides her thoughts in Macbeth.Act 5, Scene 5 As a consequence of his murders, everything has come back to haunt him. He is well-nigh to be attacked by the English army, and inevitably faces the decisive punishment for his sins DeathI book each scene to be off substantial importance, all respectively help to develop and illustrate the overall narrative too. Unquestionably, each one has to be directed appropriately, to attain the references concentration, and to merely get them philosophizing more or less the story. An enthralling location is also absolutely necessary, the sense of hearing essentials to be encapsulated by the setting and circumstances.The following essay de notes each scene autonomously, and expresses my feelings and points of view on how I should direct and conduct all three scenes to achieve a stunning atmosphere to mesmerize and amaze the spectators.My main accusive is to manipulate selected characters and transform their personality and temperament to improve the play and misinform the horror substructure. The fact that Shakespeare himself, left no stage directions leaves the doorway afford for any leave aloneing direct to interpret the actual play, as he/she wants.Over the centuries, several producers have devised their own technique and developed the plot to create their own translation of the enigmatic ventures of the Scottish hierarchy.I have act my play and essay to a film production. I have chosen to adopt this particular method, because I feel that it would die perfectly into a modern day movie, which has the funds and technology to support graphic and competent special effects.I have observed a modern day interpret ation of the play it was staged on a rough Birmingham estate. For some bizarre reason though, the actors referred to the direct text, notwithstanding conveyed them in a Brummie accent this was literally diabolical. It simply did not complement Shakespeares erratic language, the pronunciation was awful- quite positively negative.I on the other hand deem it more appropriate to compose the epic tale of Macbeths downfall in its indigenous and traditional generation.Directors point of view for Act I, Scene 3.Summary of scene Macbeth and Banquo meet the witches, Macbeth is returning from the battle with his gallant companion and affectiony Scottish nobleman, Banquo. Their locomote back to the Kings camp takes them over a derelict heath. Here, the witches lie in wait for them, talking as they generally do near an evil spell they have cast upon one ill-fated person. The mist clears Macbeth and Banquo unexpectedly see the witches. They demand that these creatures so witherd and so wild in their attire, explain who they are. When the witches speak, they greet Macbeth as Thane of Cawdor and predict that hell buzz off king. To Banquo they foretell Your heirs impart be kings, although you depart not, they accordingly disappear, before a bewildered and perplexed Macbeth can inquire some their prophecies.I feel it compulsory to point out that this scene is the penultimate in the opening trio, therefore a lot of planning and thought has gone into directing it, hence the fact its considerably longer than the other two scenes.Uncharacteristically, I have chosen to direct the third scene instead of the first. Respectively both are of great significance to the outcome of the play, precisely the third introduces the witches, their first apparition, Macbeth and Banquo. same(p) the opening scene, this one needs to be just as effective to conquer the audiences awareness.In this scene the witches encourage Macbeth to believe that he is airtight and indestructible. The int ereference of the witches influence Macbeths actions he immediately considers to commit regicide against King Duncan If good, wherefore do I yield to that suggestion/ Whose horrid image doth unfix my tomentum/ And make my seated heart knock at my ribs/ Against the use of temper? These four sentences help to describe Macbeths feelings, he is basically intellection about the proposed murder, he does this by making references to certain features on his body. For example, your heart pounds when youre excited or nervous. Macbeth having possession of all the confidence in the world as a consequence of the witches predictions and the recent victory in the exasperating battle fears no one.I find it hard to appreciate the reliance and dependence confined in the witches and their prophecies by Macbeth after all they are absolute strangers.This is why Ive chosen to portray the witches as attractive housewives, hopefully this forget make the scene more believable, because men are easily d ominated and controlled by beautiful, seductive mistresses.This needs to apprehend the audiences interest, so that they can acknowledge the circumstances and understand whats actually happening.I leave behind set the play on a desolate, open stretch of countryside. It volition be nighttime with a low and eerie fog making visibility poor. This allow step up the atmosphere, because the audience ordain instinctively be weary of the surroundings and the mysterious environment.The witches, Macbeth and Banquo are all dominant and important characters, thus meaning they need to be familiarized and introduced, so the audience recognizes who they are later on in the film.The scene go forth get underway with Macbeth and Banquo st turn over over the noneffervescent fields, discussing the eventful battle, although you go out not be able to hear them, because besides a sinister genre of melody depart be heard. They are going to be attired-up in war-like clothes therefore the audien ce will directly associate them with a battle of some description. In the near distance a lonely farm building will stand the audience obviously noticing this, should already be imagining whats in it and are Macbeth and Banquo going to go there?The interior of the barn will be exceptionally gloomy, but in the far corner three wretched hags are going to be highlighted by specifically positioned lightning. The witches are earnestly deformed, to leave the audience feeling astonished and expectantly physically unrestrained The witches will speak in macabre tone of junction, whilst speaking to one another. Their wicked conversations will consist off evil material e.g. sidesplitting swine/ and like a rat without a tail/ Here I have a pilots thumb, wrecked as homeward he did come. The presence of the witches and their repulsive manner of speaking is a created foreplay that makes the play a great deal more engaging, therefore the overall production benefits and improves considerably. Their physical appearance and cursed lines keep the audience hooked, at the same time the supernatural element increases the suspense with every scary sound and repellant illustration produced or descri fill in by the witches.Macbeth and Banquo feeling exhausted from their slow day will seek deserved refuge beneath the caperable looking dwelling. The tension and suspense will certainly be intensify amongst the audience obviously fearing the couplets resort as they cautiously enter. However, they will be treated to a pleasant surprise, this is due to the sexy figures self-collected in the corner of the room. Using contemporary technology and realistic special effects, the hideous threesome will magically be converted into gorgeous bitches The transformed witches coverd as randy and bored housewives will without doubt, outstand and arouse the audience together with Macbeth and Banquo.This is known as dramatic irony, when the watchers know something that the characters wear yt. The witches dressed in a low, red cut top showing an dread(a) amount of cleavage will immediately greet the dazed Macbeth and Banquo with verses of factual information and weird prophecies. The amorous ladies will speak in a confident, persuasive, but somewhat devious tone of voice, thus causing the men in the room to absorb these queer predictions. The audience would accept the witches original personality and accept the fact that beautiful seductive women are able to force gullible/intelligent men to believe in them and their words.Obviously, Macbeth and Banquo will be confused and amazed, but in some sense enthusiastic about the apparition. As they attempt to verbally challenge the witches, the room will curtly become silenced, with them both pondering their recent experience, the atmosphere again changes though, as Ross and Angus storm into the equation. Ross and Angus stunned to find their chums under these certain circumstances try to regurgitate the report sent by the k ing.Gradually, as Ross explains the situation to Macbeth and Banquo regarding the former Thane of Cawdor and him being sentenced to death for treason against the king, the witches prophecy is head start to unfold. Therefore Macbeth needs to act in an astounded manner, altering his body language and facial expressions accordingly best shows this. Macbeth has chosen to renovate his character, and so he keeps his feelings and thoughts to himself. This is aptly shown as he speaks to the audience alone aside. His monologue refers to and describes his ambition.The prophecy that was revealed by the witches brings a broad temptation to Macbeth that had been his secret all along for being a king, for example My thought, whose murder yet is but fanastical. This purely indicates Macbeths great ambition, he is already thinking about killing Duncan. If the audience is reasonably clever, they will detect this too.Another typical line is Nothing is, but what is not. He is referring to the rece nt events, stimulusing on the sensational proceedings.During this scene the plot is potentially discovered, it helps to entangle and trigger off the storyline. Although the words are enormously imperative, the characters and their actions are equally significant, in alignment with one another, the audience understand whats going on.The scene will end with Macbeth and Banquo standing side by side, contemplating their prosperous future. The camera will zoom in on Macbeth and his cunning visions of murdering Duncan. Unlike Banquo, who is triumphantly tomography his sons being crowned, with him in the background looking on proudly, crying engaging tears of joy?Directors point of view for Act I, Scene 5.Brief summary of scene In this scene Lady Macbeth plans a murder. She lives at home in there castle at Inverness. Lady Macbeth has received a letter from her husband in it he tells her about the witches prophecies.She is interrupted as a messenger arrives telling her of the kings visi t. She realises that this is the golden opportunity to kill Duncan, the king. Her treacherous thoughts are unbroken to herself, unlike Macbeth who suppresses them. She makes her mind up that the murder must be committed that night. When Macbeth arrives at the castle ahead of the king, she exclaims convincingly that she has arranged everything.Lady Macbeth is the plunk for most dominant influence on Macbeth. As soon as Lady Macbeth learns of the words spoken by the weird sisters, she instantaneously analyses Macbeths future i.e. if Duncan were killed, Macbeth and her could acquire Scotland. She vigorously studies the letter and assesses the situation, considering the best and most suitable option to chose, in order to bring her eagerly awaited success.If I were to direct this scene, I would set it in Lady Macbeths domiciliate this is because bedrooms tend to be a solemn place of privacy and security.The bedroom is to be very grand and ornate, with elaborate walls, preferably in a blood-red colour, this is to emphasis the theme of blood that runs throughout the play.Lady Macbeth dressed in her sexy, soft silky nighttime gown will try to interpret the epistle relaxing on her mahogany four poster bed. Under a quiet, pleasant piece of music, Lady Macbeths voice is to be sounded above the music, reading out the letter to herself, she will also over exaggerate particular words and phrases, which depict Macbeths thoughts. Whilst peacefully examining the letter, succeeding in comprehending it, she will act in a serious-minded fashion.As the production is a film, I have decided to acknowledge visual images of Lady Macbeths perceptions of the letter. When reading it, there will be metaphors of Lady Macbeth conjuring up pictures of her and Macbeth sitting gloriously on the throne, with hundreds of spectators gathered below, robustly singing their praises. To accompany this ceremony, a victorious composition will engulf it, however, these false celebrations will be d isrupted as she resumes northward awoken by an attendant.Things could just not get any better for Lady Macbeth the attendant brings delightful password concerning Macbeths and Duncans arrival.The supernatural is again underlined and called upon, this time by Lady Macbeth. She forms an imaginary conversation with the evil spirits, inquire them to assist her murderous plans Come you spirits that tend on soulfulness thoughts, unsex me here. When the conversation commences, Lady Macbeth is going to gaze up at the ceiling and perform actions with her hands where appropriate e.g. Come to my womans breasts she will be clenching her bosoms as she speaks. Again, faded scenes of wicked witches will corrupt her mind, these will then turn into vivid images of her viciously lancinate Duncan to death with a decorative candlestick, as he sleeps. You will then he totally horrified by her face speckled with distinctive spots of blood. Another will then immediately follow this hair-raising inci dent her menacing eyes will stare at you, inauspicious you, frightening youWith an ounce of luck, the audience will be completely petrified, thus achieving maximum dramatic effect.Over pictures of gruesome violence, a terrorizing sample of music will be heard.During Lady Macbeths deceitful outburst, many references to blood, light and dark and hell are made e.g. Come thick night, and pull out these in the durnest smoke of HELL. All of these factors exaggerate the horror theme and atmosphere.Macbeth then enters the bedroom, instantly Lady Macbeth being the scheming bovine she is, craftily asks her partner when he claims that Duncan is coming and when goes hence? In other words when is he going, so I know when to conduct his brutal surcease? Being a woman in all, she is able to change nature and personality whenever she feels it bounden to fool or persuade Macbeth.Subsequently, she goes on, to subtly describe about disguise To beguile the time, look like the time/ look like the inn ocent flower, but be the serpent undert. She is relating these lines to the killing of Duncan, in such away that the audience and Macbeth cannot really appreciate or indeed realize.I would ascertain Lady Macbeth to deliver these disloyal words in a convincing way, almost as if shes reassuring Macbeth about the murder. Macbeth does actually distinguish Lady Macbeths words, but he fails to comment on them, instead he ignores her, and demands to talk at a later date.By this time, the murder is already almost complete.Directors point of view for Act 5, Scene 5.Brief summary of scene Macbeth prepares for battle, is busy setting up defenses all around Dunsinane Castle. Most of his noblemen and soldiers have rebelled and joined the other side, but he is certain he cannot be beaten or not until Birnam Forest comes to Dunsinane as a consequence of the witches new appairitions.What he does not know is that his enemies have agreed to meet at Birnam timber. When the soldiers gather there, ea ch one is given the branch of a tree to camouflage them as they move forward to launch an attack. As he is organizing for the battle, he thinks how nonsense(prenominal) life is. Just then, a messenger announces that Birnam wood appears to move.After the initial murder of Duncan, Macbeth persists in his violent actions and continues to kill more, in an attempt to become ruler of everyone and everything north of the border. Once the first the killing took place, the ball started rolling and unfortunately did not stop, that is up till now. Macbeth is facing unavoidable death, the ultimate punishment for his many sins his castle at Dunsinane is surrounded with him at the epicentre amongst the entire calamity, but yet he still have faith in the witches predictions, and why not? The witches prophecies and apparitions have so far proved correct, significantly, the prediction concerning Macbeths mortality No man on earthly concern shall harm him, is about to prove incorrect. However, th e arrogant Macbeth seriously supposes himself imperishable, consequently fearing no one.He is undisputedly emotionless this is shown in line 9 I have almost forgot the taste of fears, clearly his mental state is ill befuddled, his aspiration has got him where he is and under these particular state of affairs, he cannot turn back the clock, he simply has to face the penalty of his slaughterous actions. Remarkably, he does not sense any guilt either instead he concentrates his efforts on the seemingly impossible encounter ahead. Even when is once loved wife dies, he fails to physically react, he simply gathers his thoughts and feelings and distributes them into a contemptible paragraph yes, even the audience cannot help to feel for the desolate Macbeth. He once walked upon lifeless stretches of open countryside accompanied by his dearest friend Banquo, now he is the dirt on which his predecessors and countless enemies tread.This scene resembles Macbeths uncomfortable position, and h is feelings it needs to be incredibly effective to achieve the right atmosphere and tension. A more suitable location could not have been selected the castle at Dunsinane is the perfect setting under such gawky circumstances. With the castle encircled and the defeated, lonesome, loathed figure stranded at the centre, the scene is an dreadful opportunity for a willing director like myself to challenge.The scene will commence with an aerial view of the castle and the environment engulfing it, the audience will now understand Macbeths situation. Thousands of infantry will be forward towards the castle under the natural camouflage off tree branches, a strong drum beat intentionally heard by the audience, will encourage the soldiers to move forwards.Meanwhile, Macbeth seeking what he considers to be relative safety in the castle will burst onto the scene in an self-asserting manner. A room sited at the top of the castle overlooking their boundaries, will all of a sudden be animated a s the door flies open with a terrific thud, followed by a apprehensive Macbeth, Seyton and three rather nervously looking soldiers. A window foreseeing the countryside ahead and the moving woodland will be an important feature in the room, this is because Macbeth will stand in front of it with his back against the opening, facing the anxious congregation organized below. Macbeth dressed in his gleaming armour tries to rally his troops by expressing valorous words of defiance Our castles strength will laugh a siege to scorn here let them lie till famine and the ague eat them up. This successfully illustrates his current state of mind, he is positive and thinks that he and their stronghold will hold out against the enemy, the audience should sense this by listening to the tone in which he conveys his words he will do so in a self-confident and powerful manner.During his defiant speech, a high-pitched squeal will be heard, immediately the audience and Macbeth will demand to know what it actually was.Seyton acknowledges that it was a cry of women. Macbeth reflects in a sorry tone, his emotions the way in which he delivers these might effect the audiences opinion of him. The audience realizes that he was once a good fellow, who fought bravely and cared for ones close, they should almost feel a bit of sympathy towards him, but then they compare him to the coward he has become, one who deserves everything coming his way that is in the form of an entire army, seeking revenge for the futile murders he has committed. Seyton informs Macbeth that it was his wife Lady Macbeth. Once more Macbeth expresses his thoughts on the matter, almost as if he is looking back and regretting his actions. The audience will be able to identify the real Macbeth again, as he comments upon ones life, comparing it to Lady Macbeths and his. The atmosphere at this point will be depressive, due to Macbeths sorrowful words.However, the mood will revolutionize on the arrival of a messenger brin ging shocking, but inevitable news.I will instruct the messenger to act in a stunned manner he will also find it increasingly more difficult to tell Macbeth of the moving forest, approaching them at a rapid pace.Macbeth purposely rejects this news Liar and slave even though he knows full well that there true, because the witches told him so. At this meticulous moment, a flashback will occur, this will consist of haunted reminiscences of the raunchy women retelling the third apparition stating Macbeth shall never vanquished be until coarse Birnam Wood to high Dunsinane hill shall come against him. In other words, you will never be hurt or even destroyed until Birnam Wood moves towards Dunsinane this will help to remind the audience about the apparition.When Macbeth resumes regularity, he will again, persist in not believing the messengers words of truth, perhaps he does not want to believe them, because he knows that the end is near. Regardless of this, he has come too far, and so h e will fight to the very last second. At the conclusion of his final dialogue in the scene, he will turn to observe the view outside, noticing an entire wood gradually moving closer, this signifying that his death is exceptionally near, a vacant expression on his countenance will demonstrate this completely.

Saturday, February 23, 2019

Grendel’s Mother and Beowulf

Not Just an Ordinary Person In stage to establish Beowulf as an desperate whizz in the piece of publications Beowulf, he must consume all or most of the characteristics of an epic chock. An epic hero is the central figure in an epic who has passkey qualities and risks mortalal danger to result a grand quest. There ar ten specific characteristics that one must have to be considered an epic hero. nonp beil must be significant and glorified, on a quest, and trustworthy leader. One must also have superior or supernatural strength, intelligence, courage, and ethics.Lastly, one must risk final stage for glory or for the great good of decree, perform brave deeds, and bounce the ideals of a particular society. To be looked at as an epic hero, the first three characteristics a person must have are to be glorified, on a quest, and a answerable leader. The Geats say of Beowulf Now when help was needed. None / Of the wise ones regretted his going, a great deal / As he was lo ved by the Geats ( arguings 116-119). The Geats saying such things to the highest degree Beowulf tells that he is glorified by his people.The people of Herot have chosen Beowulf in lines 149-150 My people have said, the wisest, most knowing / And best of them, that my duty was to go to the Danes Great king to go on a quest to Denmark to cut down Grendel and help save their warriors. In order to be recognized as a hero, one must be a responsible leader. One must be willing to put themself ahead of others, capture accomplishment when needed, take the blame when something goes wrong, and take credit when things go right. In Beowulfs case, one must know when to bring soldiers, and when to go into battle alone.In line 679 of Beowulf Wait for me close by, my friends Beowulf realizes that nobody can defeat the dragon scarcely him, so he tells his men to stand back so no one gets killed when unnecessary. The qualities that provided ab knocked out(p) all people see are one who has supe rior strength, intelligence, courage, and ethics. Most people define a hero as a person who has superior or superhuman strength. Beowulf is the strongest of the Geats- greater / And stronger than anyone else in the world (lines 110-111). Saying this shows that if Beowulf can non defeat Grendel then nobody else can.Beowulf shows how well-grounded he is in lines 134-137 when Beowulf arose with his men / Around him ordering a fewer to remain / With their weapons. Beowulf is smart enough to realize that if nobody stays with the weapons individual will steal them, and they will be left unarmed when a war breaks out. To be considered courageous, a person must face something that would daunt most. Beowulf does just that on numerous occasions in Beowulf. Beowulf faces and conquers Grendel in lines 515-517 The victory, for the proof, abeyance high / From the rafters where Beowulf had hung it, was the terass / Arm, claw and shoulder and all.The mighty water witch, Grendels mother, become s troubled with the loss of her son and wants revenge on Herot. When she attacks Herot, Beowulf takes action and conquers her in lines 643-645 Her body fell / To the floor, lifeless, the sword was wet / With her blood, and Beowulf rejoiced at the sight. many heroes use special powers, or costumes to help them win the fights against the bad guys. However, Beowulf believes in being ethical. He does not want to be credited for taking a battle if every aspect of the battle is not considered fair.In Beowulf , Grendel is thwarted by Beowulf unarmed in lines 669-671 Crushed to ending / Like Grendel, gripped in my hands and torn / Limb from limb. Beowulf could have very slowly used the weapons in the boat that his men were holding. Instead he did not because that would not be considered a fair fight. The last characteristics that must take place in order to be established as an epic hero is one must risk death, perform brave deeds, and reflect a particular society. If a person does not risk death for their society, they will not be considered a hero one will be considered as just an ordinary person.However, Beowulf proves that he is not just an ordinary person when he performs brave deeds and is faced with death on numerous accounts for the good of his people. Beowulf faces Grendel, a man-eating monster Grendels mother, a water witch and the dragon, a hot breath and poisonous creature. When Beowulf faces Grendels mother in lines 620-623 And in an instant she had him down, held helpless. / Squatting with her weight on his stomach, she drew / A dagger, brown with dried blood and prepared / To visit her only son he sees death right before him.He keeps engagement because in lines 683-684 Beowulf says No man but me / Could hope to defeat this monster. When Beowulf faced the dragon in lines 718-722 The monster came quickly toward him, / Pouring out fire and smoke, hurrying / To its fate. Flames beat at the iron / Shield, and for a while it held, protected / Beowulf as hed planned then it began to ladder Beowulfs life flashes before his eyes again when he realizing that the safeguard is not going to hold up, and he will die from the dragon. Beowulf upholds the ideals of the Anglo-Saxon society courage, loyalty, and honor throughout the entire literature of Beowulf.An epic hero is the protagonist in an epic who has superior qualities and risks personal danger to pursue a grand quest. In the piece of literature Beowulf, Beowulf must possess all or most of the characteristics of an epic hero in order to be established as one. Throughout the epic, Beowulf possesses the characteristics of glorified, on a quest, responsible leader, superior strength, intelligence, courage, ethical, risk death, perform brave deeds, and reflects ideals of a particular society on multiple occasions. Therefore, at the end of this epic, Beowulf can be sustain as an epic hero.

Child Soldiers Essay

From the hardeningoff daylight, approximately matter active these innocent eyeb completely filled with hatred inspired me to write. These look atomic number 18 those of a tike s previous(a)ier. Before starting this project, I did non mean much of baberen agitateing in state of warf ars, merely as the research got deeper and my point of their situation more thorough, this project became much more than a bargon(a) task I had to put to death. I entangle c pull back to these people as they atomic number 18 usu eithery nearly my develop, and some be flat peeled-fashi wizder than me. I am aw be of these precious days that restrain up our s driverhood and our teen mature historic period. It is during this snip in our lie withs w here we discover whom we truly are and what we gaze to do with our lives. Being deprived of these crucial years makes it close to impossible for adept to grow and start virtuosos flavour. These baberen began their hinge up on into hell when they were abducted by the militia or in some cases sluice the passy.They are then pressure to commit horrendous acts in en inwardness to sullenen them and to gain the militias trust. M each are oblige to slaughterter their parents so that flush if they deprivation to escape from the militia, they are withal ashamed to return house. The militia hurts these kid soldiers to the deepest of their existences, and hurts them physically as well. In sierra Leone, it was reported that limbs were sawn-off off and companionship to inflict disquietful sensition on the child and to scare extraneous either NGOS or the politics. This judge custodyt of a child holding a numbfish taller than himself is what inspired me to write my genres. The genres I chose for this particular topic helped me widen my ideas on child soldiers.My persuasive essay went against what I bankd as I was attempt to prove wherefore child soldiers were a positive social function and h ow the children themselves valued to argue for their realm. This is an aspect we should n for perpetually for outsmart when researching rough some liaison, the oppositewise nerve of the story. This was done to infrastand in effect(p)y the topic from e real perspective possible. some other(prenominal) genre that changed my view on child soldier was the epistolary, which is a serial publication of garners recounting a story. This epistolary foc go ford on the liveliness of child soldiers once they became vaingloriouss. It showed me two different aspects, how one as yettocks go on with his disembodied spirit as a soldier and be scrape up resistant to the malign around, and how one faeces decide to cut short this brutality and start a parvenu. ii Voices, Two populations ApartI am an American male child.In the morning, my mammary glands gentle kisses call downwards me.Im wearing my unexampled garment with the red polka dots on it.I pick up my bag and get ready for yet some other day of domesticate.I put one across a hard time at school intellectual the math.My days are vast and full of influence and sports. round 5 p.m., I go home and treat myself to a nice nosh and start my chores.Once I am done, I complain closely the homework and wonder when I am invariably deviation to use this.I honest had a entreat with my engender for breaking a vase, and I am con inclinering running a focal point from her to live with my father.I call I were as far away from her as possible.I tender I had more license to do what I want.To sleep easy at night and eat a a hardly a(prenominal)(prenominal) sweets.To non go to school.But I can non do all of this be execute,I am a child.I am an American boy.In the morning, my moms gentle kisses awake me.Im wearing my new shirt with the red polka dots on it.I pick up my bag and get ready for yet other day of school.I get hold of a hard time at school instinct the math.My days are unyielding and f ull of work and sports.Around 5 p.m., I go home and treat myself to a nice snack and start my chores.Once I am done, I complain most the homework and wonder when I am ever going to use this.I dear had a fight with my mother for breaking a vase, and I am con slopering running away from her to live with my father.I appetite I were as far away from her as possible.I need I had more freedom to do what I want.To sleep late at night and eat a hardly a(prenominal) sweets.To not go to school.But I cannot do all of this because,I am a child.I am a Limba boy.In the morning, type slugs abruptly wake me up.Im wearing my shirt stained with the stains of my brothers blood.I pick up my shoot and get ready for yet another day of war.I pass water a hard time at a lower placestanding the origin for all this evil in war.My days are ample and full of hatred and suffering.Around 7 p.m., I go to the summer refugee camp out to wash everyones dishes from the luncheon that I didnt use up.Onc e I am done with my chores I lie tear on the pale yellow bed and deliberate to the highest degree everything I could have apprizeed if I had bear oned in school.The head military officeholder just whipped me for spilling water the hardly thing keeping me from running away is my poor mother who needs my help.I wish I were as close to her as possible.I wish I had more freedom to do what I want.To sleep at night and eat dinner.To go to school.But I cannot do all of this because,I am a child soldier.I am a Limba boy.In the morning, bullets abruptly wake me up.Im wearing my shirt stained with the stains of my brothers blood.I pick up my grease-gun and get ready for yet another day of war.I have a hard time understanding the reason for all this evil inwar.My days are long and full of hatred and suffering.Around 7 p.m., I go to the camp to wash everyones dishes from the lunch that I didnt have.Once I am done with my chores I lie down on the straw bed and think around everything I could have get hold ofed if I had stayed in school.The head officeholder just whipped me for spilling water the altogether thing keeping me from running away is my poor mother who needs my help.I wish I were as close to her as possible.I wish I had more freedom to do what I want.To sleep at night and eat dinner.To go to school.But I cannot do all of this because,I am a child soldier.The Other Side of the StoryIt is commonly accepted that a child is meant to be provided with whatever comfort for his or her thriving. A child is meant to be cared for, educated and nourished until his boastfulhood. This is why it is easy to understand how shocking, rise up and in hu patch racee it may pull inm that a child carries a gun and goes to war. However, in some parts of the globe, this perception becomes completely irrelevant. When daily life offers nothing exactly fear, insecurity and engagement for survival, where widows are more rule than capable men protecting their countries from invasion and humiliation, child soldiers become the doctor alternative to the tremendously hard and dread(a) realism.Even in the mind of the child, it becomes an absolute necessity. The child moves through with(predicate) a forced maturity regarding the precession to fight for the survival of his family and the freedom of his country. Under much(prenominal) circumstances one shouldnt forget that going to school becomes an unrealistic dream, and that money a great deal comes to lack in families. The child soldier besides puts into account this reality and fights to cover the expenses of his family who are often desperate for money.The country as well as sends children to war for economical reasons, as it doesnt have enough money to grow only adult soldiers. electric razor soldiers are cheaper than adults and therefore, the government can maturation the size of its army. Those child soldiers believe with all their brass and soul that their cause is beyond their lif e. These children sensory faculty a feeling of accomplishment and pride in trash for their countries. Western ideas of what should or should not be satisfying do not have their place in the sad reality of the life of millions of people in slums in Asia and Africa.These children voluntarily sign up in the army, as they are proud to serve their country. They are devoted to their state and are ready to pay for the freedom that it deserves with their own life. Their life revolves around this country that has watched them grow and they feel the need to fight for it. As long as there is fighting, I am ready to fight, added Abdul Rahim, a child soldier. If peace comes, Ill go to school. (Reliefweb) These children are not always forced by adults to fight in wars. The only thing that forces them is their go to sleep for their country and the obligations they feel they have for their beloved nation. As they fight, the protrudeing buzz offs them a sense of pride as they have liberated t heir country from a threat. I am proud because I killed an enemy for my country, have got tongue to Hayatullah, 16, another child soldier.The Taliban wanted to move us from our homes and they destroyed our schools. (Reliefweb) Not only does it bring them pride to have liberated their country of a threat, moreover they in like homoner feel the need to avenge what has been done to them. Having pride in liberating ones country does not apply to children only. Nathan Hale, who was a soldier for the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, once express, I only mourning that I have but one life to lose for my country. (Wikipedia-Nathan Hale) These children do want to go to school, but they cannot because of school closures during wartime. Even if the schools were open, it would be grave to fall out time there, as they are a target during war.Furthermore, how could these children reduce on on their work and learn new things at school season they are under a perpe tual threat of death, and that bombs are cosmos dropped around them? They cannot sit down while the backup valet de chambre of their family is dying in war, fighting for their country. These children have been raised with the thought that they have to fight for it under any circumstance. Age depart not be the sole reason that leave alone stop them. Another major reason as to why these children want to fight for their country is because they are aware that this country will one day be theirs. This is their future that they are allowing to be destroyed. An officer, Zapp Brannigan, state we fight this battle not for ourselves, but for our children, and our childrens children, which is why Im forming a childrens brigade (Tv Tropes). This may be an adult point of view, but it is the way a child thinks when he is fighting. The adults are not the countrys future, but the children are.What is also extremely unsporting is that it is acceptable for European countries to have soldiers, b ut when it involves African or Asiatic countries, it becomes a problem. During World War II, thousands of 15-year-old British boys signed up on their own will into the army. No one stop them even though they knew that they were too young. The few that were stopped signed up again and changed their age to be accepted into the army. Furthermore, more countries nowadays in Europe hush up recruit young boys in their army. In the UK, in 2001, there were 6,000 soldiers under the age of eighteen serving in the armed forces. In shew 2002, under pressure from the European Union, the government stated that these soldiers would no longstanding be sent into combat positions.However, Article 38 of the UNCRC states that fifteen is the stripped-down age for recruitment and there is no law, which forbids children under eighteen to fight (The Open University). During World War II, Hitler would enlist boys as young as 10 years old in his Hitler Youth programs and put them in the war. All armies in the Great War used child soldiers. In the beginning of the war the enthusiasm to join the battle was so gigantic that young boys as well as girls could hardly be stopped to enlist. ( kidren of the Great War) This gesture alone should be able to prove that children can enlist and fight in wars. Not letting them fight for what they believe would be wrong. nestling soldiers have always been around, and have existed in approximately every country, but today, the views about children as soldiers has radically changed. It is not considered acceptable to make children fight in wars any longer, because they are too young, have not had the chance at an education, or are just not prepared to see such atrocities. However, this does not apply to every child out there, as galore(postnominal) are much more ripe(p) than others. The U.S State Departments most recent annual hu manhood skillfuls report states that, an estimated quarter of a million children, even as young as age 6, have been conscripted to serve as soldiers in stacks of armed conflicts around the world, some with armed insurgencies, such as the Khmer Rouge, the illumination Path of Peru, and Palestinian groups in Lebanon, and some in regular armies, such as those of Cambodia, Uganda, Angola, and Sudan. (Third World Traveler).The Human Rights Watch also estimates that around 200,000 to 300,000 children are serving as soldiers all around the globe. (Statistics on fry passs) before long in Somaliana, child soldiers are being recruited by the U.S Army to fight against terrorism. Awil Salah Osman continuously prowls the streets of this devastated country with his fully loaded Kalashnikov. The difference surrounded by him and the other soldiers in Somalia is that he is a child financed by the get together States.The get together States economically bread and b let outs these child soldiers and equips them heavily. Furthermore, several American officers retellly said that they were concerned about t he use of child soldiers in Somalia, and that they were pushing Somali officials to be more careful about these young soldiers. However, when asked if they financed any of them, an American official responded by saying, I have no good service for that. (The sassy York Times) The joined States cannot justify for its acts, and it expects to for other countries to change their policies.Money is not always ready during these times of unease in a country, and for this reason, many parents are forced to send their children off to war in order to pay for expenses. The children go to war to be able to financially support their family in any ways they can (Third World Traveler). Jean Paul, a child soldier said, I joined the army to get provender for my mother, my brothers and sisters (CyberSchoolBus). boorren cost money to their parents, as they have to pay for the expenses in any way they can in such times of distress. These child soldiers often join the militia or the army to be able t o get money and pay for their families. On average, these child soldiers will get up to $50 a month, for every month they fight (BBC raw(a)s). In many cases, if the child is fighting for the militia, the militia sends a wage directly to the family (Third World Traveler). In other cases, the child directly goes to the militia to fight as they spang that by doing this they will be offered regular meals, clothing, or medical exam at dwellion (Third World Traveler). peasantren in war, is an extremely delicate subject as most people are against it. Not many debates are held on this topic, as people are almost unanimous on the idea of whether or not children should fight in wars. However, these people only focus on the negative aspects of the wars influence on children. These points are undeniable, but they are often exaggerated or based on certain cases, not on every case.These children could go to school, and have an education, but these schools are often closed due to the war, and f ew are the teachers that would in time dare go to work during times akin these. Furthermore, these children do love their country and many are aware of the dangers that are involved when fighting in war. Nevertheless, their desire to fight and free their country is overwhelming. This desire to fight for ones country and to fight for what you believe has always existed. electric razorren have always fought in wars and often even lied about their age to be able to fight. Children should be allowed to fight in wars.One Family, Two FatesI was walking rearward to the camp when a swingow officer stopped me and told me there was mail for me. I was not used to receiving only earns. Who could possibly be sending me earns when I had no one left who cared for me? My parents had long been idle and my only sibling had escaped to the United States to further his learning. We lived in two different worlds, and this fact make the letter even more intriguing. It was from my brother, the same one who had left his country during a time of war for selfish reasons. This is what it said dear(p) Banura,Brother, it has been a long time since we delay talked and I was starting to wonder about you and your rubber there in this country ravaged by war. How are things going fanny there? Have you won any major battles lately, and most importantly how are you doing? As for me, I am doing great. My job is steady, and though the years pass I continue to be amazed by this city of wonders. The lights of the buildings resemble stars in the night sky. Every child goes to school and has an education. They all live in huge buildings with many other families. What is move is that these families are not related but they work things out. Children live with their parents in homes with running water and electricity everywhere.Yesterday when I was walking down the street, I saw two brothers running side by side and it make me think you and I. I miss you deeply and I spend a lot of time think ing about you. Yet, the only images I can imagine of you is when you are holding a gun. As an adult or as a child, it is the only way I can picture you. This is more the reason to let everything go and come to novel York with me. I soundless wish for you to come and join me in this city of wonder, but I know that my hopes are a whim. You have your duties to accomplish back in sierra Leone and I respect that. I wish you the best, brother.Best regards,Ishmael BeahI sat there under my tent reading these words over and over again. Was all of this true? Could these wonders even exist? I had no way of knowing. My life was resumed to one word, war. I had been kidnapped as a child along with my brother when we were young. We had spent our puerility fighting the war in Sierra Leone. I dont even know if I can call it a puerility, as we were forced to grow up extremely fast. We had to leave our fantasies behind and learn how to fight like men. During our teen years we had been released for a few years and were sent to a school that was built to rehabilitate child soldiers. I did not dribble it seriously, as I did not see it winning me anywhere.My brother, on the other hand, had studied hard and said that one day he would go abroad and further his studies. I used to laugh at him and return to playing tag with my friends out in the field. I regret these days. My life could have been different if I had worked. A bullet was light beam in the distance and I was brought back to my reality. This was my reality, the camp and the war. During dinner the next day, I opinionated to write back to Ishmael. After all, he was my brother and the only family I had left. I hastily took out a pen and a piece of paper and jotted down a few words. The few things I had learned during with UNICEF were finally coming in handy.Ishmael,I received your letter and I am glad you allay think about me and worry about me. As you can see, I am quiesce alive and I am doing fine. This country may b e at war, but that doesnt mean everyone gets killed. You, of all people, should know better. You lived it. The war is going on steadily and I dont see any signs of it stopping any time soon. We won a low-down battle yesterday in the bush as we killed 15 of their soldiers. w gob one of our kids died. It is okay he was just 8, he wont be very missed. I am happy to know that you are doing fine in this city of lights you described. It seems nice, but you are right, I will not join you there. I have work to do here, and a country to serve.Thank you,Officer BanuraI sent the letter without any second thoughts. This is how it was done anyways. Nothing could have second thoughts. If we started doubting our scratch instincts, we would always be wrong, or in the worst case, killed. I went back to my dinner and ate. The bell rang in the distance, and I turned all emotions off. I picked up the gun that was lying by me and ran to the bush.Shock took me over as I reread these lines. Only one of our kids died. It is okay he was just 8, he wont be very missed. How could he ever say something like this? He once was this child that fought in the bush like a man, giving everything he had. He knew the fear that was triggered from guesswork a man. He also knew of the adrenaline rush of seeing that man drop dead on the floor knowing that later on in the camp he would be proclaimed and thanked. My brother had forget about these evils and regarded them as normal. This could not be happening. I could not let him forget the lower-ranking innocent boy that once was my brother. I resolute to write another letter to remind him of who he truly was.Dear Banura,Your words comforted me as I now know you are alive. However, they also hurt me so much. To know you have disjointed your public makes me wish that you died out there in the battle. How could you have forgotten what it was like to be a child soldier yourself? A few years back you were not so different from this little boy that died for his country. I, on the other hand, return it all too nominately. You may only remember the drugs and the good times we had after using them, but I remember the whole story. I had just turned 13 and you were merely 7 years old when the Revolutionary United Front onrushed our village. This was back in 1993. The war had started in 1991. We spent three years fighting against the government in Freetown. You remember those days, dont you brother? The fighting, the killing, the bloodshed, the useless bloodshed. You credibly forgot about the atrocities that happened during those years. You were so young, so innocent, and you were given drugs, constantly.You accepted them instantly as you thought they were treats. I do not blame you, I myself did not know any better. I accepted them as well. There is no need to rummage on the bitter past, but I would still wish to remind you of the day in 1996 when UNICEF delivered us from our perpetual sufferings. They helped us flee from Freet own and they gave us an education. It was basic but it still helped me take my mind off of the atrocities I had seen. I worked hard and had even started to learn how to read and write. You on the other hand, showed no effort. It seemed as if you were content with your old life, and that you even wished you could go back to it. I knew all hope for you was lost when you came to my bunk one night and told me the neck of this one is in absolute position for cutting with a machete.You were talking about the boy you had been playing marbles with you a few hours earlier. After a few months in the UNICEF camp, they helped some of us flee from Freetown. I went with them but you decided to stay behind. You said you preferred dying than abandoning your country in a time of need. I often wish you had come with me, but I will never regret this day. It opened up so many more possibilities than the war ever had. I was sent off to New York where I stayed with my foster mother, Laura Simms. Once I was there, I was signed up in the United Nations International School. I later enrolled in Oberlin College where I graduated with a degree in Political science. Right now, I write and tour the United States to explain the atrocities of being a child soldier, while you continue fighting a insanely war that kill thousands of children every year. Unfortunately, I believe all hope is lost for you, brother. I wish for you to regain your senses and your humanity.May God help you,Ishmael BeahThe letter was sealed and I sent it off. It was not a careless act, as I rummaged over it for a few hours. If this could not knock some sense into his careless head, nothing will. I though back on my brothers words, how could one lose all love and poignancy? I only wished for one thing. For Banura to see that there was a way to get out of all of these atrocities. The escape was simple. He could come to New York, and work alongside with me. All possibility of this may have been lost, but one can still dream after all.The garner were still coming in, and I did not know why. What could Ishmael want to do with me? He knew I was alive and well, so why would he want to keep talking to me? We were so different, what could we talk about? Then I read the letter. The words stung me like wasps. The sorrow in them cut me like blades. He was right. I had told him that he should have known what fighting was like because he had been a soldier, but I had forgotten what being a child soldier was like. Again he was right, the drugs had made that time of my life just seem like a shape in the haze. I hadnt even realized I was crying until a tear fell on the letter.To add to my pain, I remembered telling another child to dump that little boys body into the hole at the other end of the camp. No tears had been shed for him back then, but this was being fixed. I dried my wet face with my branch and went back to my tent. I could not cry in public, but I could not hold back the tears, either. I wept f or all the men I had killed and all the children I had deprived of a childhood and a life. As if by instinct, I took out my brothers first letter from under my pillow and reread it. The answer seemed to stand out from the little piece of paper, come and join me in this city of wonder. With eyes half closed I started bivouacing my bags. I wrote down my wish to join my brother as a letter and sent it off.Ishmael,You have been right all along. I have lost myself during all of this fighting and killing. Please accept my apology and open your home to me. Let me join you and start a new life.Your brother,BanuraI waited for the reply for endless days. at long last one day the letter came and a few words were written on it.Banura,Join me now. I have arranged your departure with the United Nations. Go to the Lungi International Airport any day in the next six months and take this plane ticket with you.IshmaelMy concentrate with the army was coming to an end. This piece of paper that had sealed me in this world of violence did not mean anything to me but bitter memories of a childhood and a life wasted. Three months after my brothers last letter, I left this world of turmoil behind me forever. This was back in 2001, one year before the civil war in Sierra Leone ended. I now live with Ishmael, my brother, and we tour around the world explaining what a child soldier does. I help explaining to people the vicious turn of war and how one is bound to return to being a soldier, as we are not taught anything else. Child soldiers often lack skills to do anything else but fight. This was the case for me, but thanks to my brother, today I live a different life in this city of wonder.Descent Into Hellinitiatory entryIt was a day like every other in Sierra Leone, where I live with my older brother and my mother. Nothing seemed to be different as everyone was tending to his or her chores. I was feeding the whiner and gathering the eggs for our supper tonight. One egg each. It wa s more than enough in these times of turmoil and desperation. In the distance I hear a deafening shout. It was my mother. At first, taken by panic, I stood amongst the poultry, paralyzed. I hear gunshots and that was it. I found myself running through this so familiar highroad to see, standing in front of my door, three buff soldiers holding a gun. I remember that sight, I always will. The object, a gun, used to be so foreign to me. I now am accustomed to the progress to of it, as well as the sensation of having it placed in my ransack hands. The soldiers were asking my mother where my father was. Little did they know he was dead mortal for a few years now. They then asked her if she had any sons and where they were.From behind her, my 17-year-old brother appeared. They asked him aggressively if he was ready to join the militia and to fight for his country. He replied that he wasnt and that he had to remain with my mother to help her. He was shot dead. A bullet, in the head. No t any remorse from the other soldiers. A cry escaped from my mouth. The eyes from one of the soldiers found me. It was the end. YOU he shouted. I advanced timidly towards him fearing for my life and for my mothers. He repeated the same question he had asked my brother. What other choice did I have but to say yes and follow them? They allowed me to pack a pear of pants, a pair of shoes and I was gone. My life as I knew it was over. I was only 13.2nd entryWe walked until dawn the next day through the bush. Everyone was tired but we continued walking. In the distance we could see a camp. It was relatively small. As we entered through the metal gate one thing hit me. It hit me hard. The putrefying smell of rotting flesh. Prisoners from a previous attack had been staked in the middle of the camp to scare away anyone who dared come in. They made me walk past them into a chantey on the other side of the camp. There, they gave me a uniform and told me that I was part of the army. This was all too new for me. I did not know what to do or expect, so I barely obeyed and followed the rules. I would soon find out that this would become a habit. To follow the rules blindly. An officer was speaking and telling me about the food schedule. We mustiness all wake up at 5 a.m. and eat in order to be prepared to fight for the suspension of the day. We would return at the camp around 8 every night to eat and rest before the next day.For breakfast we were given one egg and a handful of rice. For our lunch we were given bean soup and for dinner we would be handed two pieces of meat and a bowl of rice. He also told me that we had to do a special ritual before starting the training. They said that if I followed the rules I would gain magical powers that would protect me from the bullets. He also informed me that if I did not follow his orders he would hunt the rest of my family down and kill them one by one.The order was plain enough. I had to follow the rules and I would be protec ted from the bullets. What I found funny is that no one asked for my name that day. Newcomers must have been common here. A soldier came up to the officer and started talking to him. I was to follow this soldier to be trained. The officer shouted after us, Take care of Pisco, he looks like a sturdy one. I asked the soldier why the officer had called me Pisco, and he replied in the most natural tone ever, It is your new name. Abu Bakar Bangura, the young and innocent boy living in the village with his mother and brother was dead. Pisco, the sturdy child soldier had taken his place.third entryDuring my four months of training, we had to run in the morning and we studied about small arms at night. During the day, we would plough and harvest the fields and we undecomposed parade drills. To plough the fields, we had to pull a tractor with a rope so that the officers would not have to waste their money on fuel. The training was hard and I had no idea how to hold a gun, shoot and aim. Th e first couple times I even injured myself and almost shot a man in his leg from not aiming properly. Two other boys were in training with me. Nisu and Shole. They were twins and were taken away from their father a week ago. They were already better than I was but had trouble aiming. Nisu unploughed missing the aim and a soldier got tired of him and beat him. The beatings were severe and the pains caused from them were horrendous.I know that from experience. The fear of getting beaten day-after-day was always present, so I tried my best. I could not fail. Nisu and Shole were not as good as me. They were beaten every day and the beatings made it even harder for them to hold the gun in their hands. One day, Nisu was hit in the head with a rock, and fell dead. His brother could not endure the pain of being alone. He starved himself to death, and when the beatings came again, he died. They were thrown by a soldier into the latrines and left there. I still think of them today. That nig ht, the soldiers beat me too. I was beaten unconscious and had to be sent to the hospital.They put an ice pack on my head and waited until I woke up. No tests were done to see if I had a concussion. When I returned to the camp, they beat me again. I nearly died that night. To this day, I still do not know why they beat me. I cried that night, but not only because of the pain of losing Nisu and Shole, nor from the pain my head was inflicting upon me, I cried because even though my training was not over, I had to start killing the enemy. tomorrow I had to go into the bush for the first time and fight for my life. I knew that this would be the hardest day of my life and that it would be crucial for the rest of my stay here.4th entryBefore I was sent out to the bush, an officer pulled me over and told me to follow him. Once again I did as I was told. I walked to the end of the camp, next to the latrines. On the ground, attached by ropes, was a boy. The same one who slept in the bunk ove r mine. He had just turned 10. He was used in the camp to wash the dishes and do the laundry in the river. They gave me my gun and ordered me to shoot him. I asked why. They told me that if I did not shoot him, they wouldnt be able to trust me. I still did not understand why I had to shoot this young boy but the soldiers next words persuade me. If you do not shoot him, we will give him the gun and he will have to shoot you. The boy got on his knees and started crying. He asked to be freed and to go back to his mother.The officer slapped him and ordered me to shoot. I shot. This was the first person I ever killed. He certainly wasnt the last. I still have dreams about the boy of the village that I killed. The dreams keep me awake at night, crying my eyes out. The sobbing face keeps repeating that I killed him for no reason. I regret this act. I killed an innocent boy simply to prove I was trustworthy of killing even more men and women. After that shot was sent, I fell to my knees so bbing. A soldier grabbed me from my hairsbreadth and threw me on the floor. He told me he would give me a potion that will make me invincible. He gave me a damp cloth and pressed it against my mouth and my nose. I started to feel a bit dizzy yet I was hyperactive. The soldier had drugged me and made me high so that I would be daring and better in the bush.Nothing felt better than this feeling. The gun felt light in my hands, and the damp bush was almost invisible to me. I felt free and good. This day flew by for me. When I got home that night, my eyes were red and itching and I felt slightly dizzy. The drug was late dissipating and the hunger took over. During dinner, we were given two pieces of meat with a little rice. succession I was eating my bowl of rice, an excruciating pain was felt in my leg. I had not noticed that a bullet had grazed my second joint and left a deep gash that was bleeding. I was taken to the hospital and my thigh was bandaged. It did not help with the p ain but at least(prenominal) I would not have to sleep on it with all the dirt. Wounds were deadly here as the risk of infection was high and the medicine was scarce.fifth entryThe drugs were the only things that made me want to go back into the bush. This was the only thing I was certain about in this world full of uncertainties. The soldiers would give us cocaine or marijuana. They would often mix cocaine with gunpowder and they would call it brown brown. We would then follow our officers into the bush and they would utter a few words and let us go. This is the enemy and they would give us a direction. No questions were asked. If we asked any questions, we would have a clear answer. Death. Our own team would shoot us. That day I killed my first man on the battlefield. I had climbed at the top of a tree and hid in the dense foliage.There I lay, not moving for what seemed like hours. The humidity and the high temperatures made the thirst unbearable. A man from the opposing army wa s walking close shooting at one of the soldiers in camp with me. From under the foliage I shot. The bullet hit the soldier in the back and he fell on his knees. Blood was gushing from the wound. The soldiers life I had just saved came up to the dead body and turned him over. He drew a machete from his belt out and cut the head off. The soldier dragged the head from the hair and brought it back to camp that night. It was put in the fire. The same fire the food was cooked on. That night, I fell asleep without even taking my dinner. I was alone in the hut enjoying the stillness of the night when an officer burst into the room. He asked, Who is here? to which I replied by saying Pisco.His face lit up when he heard my name and he started unbuttoning his shirt. He was approaching me and saying things like do not be scared Pisco, it wont hurt very much. On a less gentle tone, he told me that if I ever told anyone about anything that will happen tonight, he would execute me and accuse me of traitorousness against my team during the battle. He said he was in charge here and anything he accused me of, would be taken as true. The officer sat next to me and told me to get closer to him. Once again, I obeyed. The officer gagged me and even me with a rope to the metal bars of the bed. I was laying on my stomach with my face crushed against the hard mattress. Without being able to move, I could feel the officer removing my pants. Once the officer had pleasured himself using my body, he left. He let me behind, mind and body shattered. I wish to never callback that night. This is the last time I will ever write about it.6th entryHow could I live knowing that this would become a routine? Killing people. I had always thought that no man should have any sort power over another mans life. Who did we think we were to end someones life? Yet, here I was, killing people. I could not live with this in my heart anymore. I had to tell someone, but whom did I have left miss for my m other? Even though I wished I could talk to her, I had no way of doing so. I asked some of the older soldiers how they communicated with their family and they told me they would send letters with other soldiers when they went on raids for new recruits in villages.That night, I sat down and wrote my sorrows and my pains to my mother. I told her I would be fine, and that she should not worry about me. I tried reassuring her by telling her I would come back to her. Then the thought hit me. What if I never returned home? I wasnt as scared of dying as I was of staying here forever and having to live like this. I did not know how long I was going to stay here. I had to escape. My plan was set in my mind. If I was hurt enough, I would be sent to the nearby hospital and my wounds be tended for.Once I was in shape again, I would run away and join my mother at her village. The only thing that prevented me from doing so was the fear. The fear of being caught and being tortured as a punishment. I was aware of what happened to those that tried escaping. These men are raped, beat to death, buried alive and shot in front of their families. If they are not killed right away they are tortured, forced to reenter the army or arrested and imprisoned. This decision could not be taken over night I had to think of all the other possibilities. During that time, I would continue to fight to live and to not lose all humanity.A Second ChanceLahlou, Ralia. Child passs. Child Soldiers. Wix, 29 Feb. 2012. Web. 29 Feb. 2012. .BibliographyFacts About Child Soldiers Human Rights Watch. Human Rights Watch. Human Rights Watch, 3 Dec. 2008. Web. 1 Feb. 2012. .Studies Explore Effects of War On former(prenominal) Child Soldiers. ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 15 July 2010. Web. 1 Feb. 2012. .INTERVIEW-Chad Child Soldier, Aged 12, Tells of Horror. Reuters. Reuters. Web. 7 Feb. 2012. . Johnson, Caitlin A. A designer Child Soldier Tells His Story. CBSNews. CBSInteractive, 11 Feb. 2009. 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