Theories of Juvenile Delinquency

Theories of three-year-old depravityJump toLiterature Re attitudeSocial Disorganization surmiseStrain/institutional Anomie hypothesisSub-cultural possibility of Juvenile Delinquency opening of Educational DisabilitiesFamily InfluenceCritical Theories for Juvenile DelinquencyThe Kaplan Theory on Self-esteem as Delinquent FactorFeminist Theory of Juvenile DelinquencyIntroductionJuvenile sin for a farsighted time has re chief(prenominal)ed a debatable topic among psychologists, criminologists, and even sociologists. Many debate and concurring arguments build been see with to a greater extent an(prenominal) an opposite(prenominal) researchers concentrating on real cause, which tidy sum be split uped using diametric theories ranging from the classical to contemporary ones. Ag untried (2005, p. 16) states that there is take away to m another(prenominal) different and flexible theoretical views on causes of these horrors which is generally necessitated by the changed w ays of quick, which has greatly playd the socio-cultural spatial relation of many modern societies.Many theorists reach come up with different explanations seeking to investigate these trends in jejune criminal offence. Some abide associated it with factors such(prenominal)(prenominal) as race, gender, poverty that is depicted by poor socio- frugal billet. Other theorist associate it with childhood events such as sexual roast or even other forms of physical abuse kindredly to have been experienced by an undivided. Peer group captivate has also provided a large surface argona for new-fangled villainys to flourish of and so quite a number of available theories be associated to this in a greater way. Authorities have also bee associated with teen discourtesys as they drive the unlawful justice systems (Agnew, 2005, p. 27). This locomotes the way the young pack view them and any actions by the authorities automatic alto craphery affect the reception split to them by young offenders.This paper seeks to look into the complaisant based theories that explain juvenile person delinquency both in traditional and modern or advanced perspective. Some of the virtually considerable theories include the feminist theory, easily-disposed disorganisation theory, strain theory, sub-cultural, and educational theories among others. It is worthy to note that some of the uphill theories ar not yet official as they be develop from the pre exist ones and therefore cannot be treated as autonomous. Modern studies on juvenile delinquency have nominate these factors influential enough in juvenile delinquency thus describing them as contemporary theories (Hn-su Hyn-sil 2008, p. 39). A inner(a)ly example is educational abilities of some victims of this kind of disgusts. However, these theories can still be associated with the traditional ones in one way or the other.Literature review articleJuvenile delinquency is one of the major fields of modern sav mount studies that be ongoing. Closer analysis of this phenomenon has been summarized by various theorists, which have been effectuate up by different scholars (Esbensen, et al, 1993. P. 33). Well universe of a golf club is the most important factor that predetermines the rate of juvenile crime. Merton suggested that it is the office of the ordering to instill collective and positivist aspirations of a ball club into it members and ensure this is continuous. However, when many mickle oddly adolescents argon obstructed from achieving their aspirations, they switch to crime moment that they prefer use of illegal and forceful instrument to achieve what is pass judgment of them. Behavior among the teenage existence has attracted a lot of interest with many studies being done on the equivalent in recent years. surrounded by 1935- 1955, the Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory, a group of researchers made very(prenominal) risque attempts to understand teenage beh avior in relation to crime (71).Kvaraceus bulge outmatch of study formulated in the year 1952 was utilise in predicting juvenile behavior in the united states enabling tremendous growth in attempts to asses both psychological and social factors that influence adolescents to devote crime (Xiaogang Lening 2008, p. 112). This quill utilizes a stage of multiple-choice questions that help in the predictions of an individuals behavior when answered by the person being tested and analyzed by a professional. Kvaraceus found out that broken-d consume children had had very significant differences with others in maters pertaining academic aptitude, family relations, hooky records, domesticate attendance and perceptions on the two main genders. Xiaogang Lening (2008, p. 119) unless reveals that delinquent children posed a negative response for these maters with 65 pct expressing pith discomfort when in class controling, implying that they were not interested that much in attendanc e school. Delinquent fellows also reported to have experience a form of racial abuse by those that they felt were unfairly biased.The US criminal justice system has shown that seventy share of all children in juvenile correctional facilities have one or to a greater extent educational disabilities. These children happen to pose lower grades than their fellow children hence only 35 percent of all disabled children make it up to graduation compared to all students grade that stand at 76 percent (Esbensen, et al, 1993. P. 58). These studies also showed that initiative crime among this group of students was committed before they leave high school.Studies in the United States have further proved that delinquent individuals suffered to a greater extent than violent abuse than non-delinquent peers (68). One in ten of serious juvenile offenders have reported to have in one way or the other under gone(p) victimization as compared to one in ten of non-delinquent friends. Victimized indi viduals have been observed to be much violent and difficult to control ascribable to the assumption that they are already spoilt (Coughlan, 2007, P. 9). They therefore prefer victimizing others in an attempt to arise consolation for what previously happened to them (82). This sticks them in the world of crime in more of a permanent basis hence ever-changing their habits become difficult. Being blended by the decree as out cast also affect their abilities to reconsider their ways of living since they shape the damage ca utilize more irreparable.Bias such as ethni city, race and economic status have been found to propel juvenile crimes even further. This is because social animosities among involved parties conduct to studyion of false perceptions against the other groups (Agnew, 2005, p. 61). African Americans have been found to have high numbers of juveniles under safe custody, which is associated with the racism that still, exist among the American society. Minorities have also been found to have more number of juveniles under safe custody. These populations whitethorn contri savee very slender to the total population of a country but the opposite is experienced when it comes to crime. In the United States for instance, the minority constituted only 32 percent of the total population in 1995 but sixty eight percent of the total juvenile population in custody were from these minority groups mainly the Negros, Latinos, and Hispanics.Social Disorganization TheoryDeveloped by Clifford Shaw and McKay Henry in Chicago school, this theory closely relates juvenile delinquency to social disorganization of a society as dictated by the ecological aspects environ a society. They define social disorganization as the inability of a society to organize itself in a more socially agreeable manner that perpetuates harmony and the general social considerably being of a society because of ecological changes within a society (Hn-su Hyn-sil 2008, p. 71). For instance , a city whitethorn experience a broad relocation of its inhabitants who go earlier to establish other settlements within the vicinity thus ending up with loose settlements such as slums.People no longer represent together as a cluster selecting to emergency of new social classifications with low-income populations finding themselves together and vice versa. Such groups of people usually exhibit a higher population turnover leading to more crowding and lastly causing degradation of their economic empowerment implying that they go out be poorer and weaker in tackling life (94). Youth from these poor neighborhoods tend to adopt immoral behavior, as they touch sensation pressed by their socio-economic status well described as averagely low. Through the process of interacting, young people try different behaviors from those within their neighborhoods and in most cases end up adopting the same behavior with time. Negative neighborhood ecological trends have been linked to high er crime rate among juveniles as social disorganization results in such clusters of communities that developed new social status especially with low-income populations (116).High population heterogeneity makes it difficult for such societies to come together and establish informal social structures. This kernel that there lacks uniformity within the society, dictating that a homogenous society which can collectively adopt good moral set remain illusive. The young adults in such status allow for of all time get into criminal activities so easily as the socio-economic status does very little to prevent indulgence in criminal activities (128). Peer influence is the main vector that spreads such undesirable habits among the youth living in such neighborhoods because people of the same age do interact and learn from one another faster and more easily made to reckon their friends more easily again raising juvenile delinquency.Strain/Institutional Anomie TheoryStrain theory is also kno wn as the social class or the Mertonian Anomie theory. An American sociologist named Robert Merton, who mainly used the American economic status as his platform for argument, came up with this theory in expounding more on juvenile delinquency (Coleta et al 2007). Americans had developed a market-gardening that was filled with prospects for freedom, prosperity, and opportunity that he called the American dream. Merton used the term anomie to imply that the living standards of the people was like a dichotomous key subdivided in numerous hierarchical levels that dictates what was evaluate from them and what could actually be achieved by the people.This cloud of beliefs led to an profit in juvenile crimes when certain obstructions were encountered such as unequal social status and imbalanced availability of opportunities for all people (Esbensen Huizinga, 1993, p. 301). The society witness massive drop out from schools by the vulnerable youths with many citing this as way of life t o enable them achieve what was expected of them by the society, using alternative methods which is done criminal activities. This theory is still relevant up to hitherto with many youths dropping into being gang members commonly known as hobos or drug abusers which enables them get the much expected social status through and through crimes such as robbery with violence.The strongest impact of this theory especially in adolescents is that they are informed of the American dream as early as possible with a lot of information on what is enjoyable thereafter. The society has however exposed a greater weakness in the sense experience that little emphasis are put on the legitimate means of how to achieve these dreams implying that the way one plays the game is not important but whether one wins or looses (317). Basing on this fact, many juveniles opt for illegal means to achieve what they are expected to, thus increasing their vulnerability to be victims of criminal activity and devianc e from socially acceptable conduct as a result of crime.Subcultural Theory of Juvenile DelinquencyAccording to Hn-su Hyn-sil (2008, p. 51) this theory is fetched from the fact that modern societies have demonstrated a purification of separation where discrete groups of people have fragmented away from the main society and established their own values and norms. These differential affiliations have introduced the culture of learning antisocial behaviors that are clearly defined by criminal studies as crime.Studies have shown that the most vulnerable group is the adolescents who mainly find it difficult to get along with the traditional ways of living. This has even gone to the extent of formation of cults which comer up with their own ways of living and governance (63). abhorrences from this kind of clusters have been reported in many African states where most societies are ravaging in poverty. Since the youth are the most affected, juvenile crime have increased in steads where t his behavior is left-hand(a) to take course unabated as very young people learn crime easily.The Theory of Educational disabilitiesAlthough this factor is seen by many as not social, it has resulted into a very huge impact on the general social setups of the society as regarding these children who have problems with their studies. The American society is fond of labeling them as potency criminals basing on their inability to do fracture in class as Cullen Wright, (2002, p. 103) reveal. These children have a tendency to commit crimes because they are challenged mentally, and cannot use their rationale well in making decisions.The US government introduced the special education law back in 1975 with an study of ensuring that this group of its citizens are well taken care of in matters pertaining education. However, school administrators have gone ahead to suspend and expel these children from school further intensifying the psychological burden they find themselves with when label ed as potential criminals by the society regardless of their mental abilities (Cullen Wright, 2002, p. 116). These children end up perceiving themselves as failures and loose hope in life thus getting into crime to find solace and eventually end up in systems of juvenile justice because of social rejection by those who are supposed to embrace and get up them.Family influenceThis is one of the major modern theories acknowledged by many researchers. Most theorist of modern psychology agree with this theory that an individual is more likely to be affected by the way their upgrades bet them up either negatively or positively depending on the existing family values already in possession by the parents. As Weiher et al. (1991, p. 22) puts it, parent-child relationships such as closeness, acceptance, correction, rejection among many others play a very important role when it come to predicting likely behavior a child pass on develop as they grow. Family influence have bee associated wi th negative trends with some research masking that family influence is more influential than peer group influence. Better dialogue strategies with strong emotional support have been found to reduce juvenile delinquency.Children with non-traditional family set ups such as single parents and reconstituted families commit more juvenile crimes than those children do from traditional families. Because a child from traditional family enjoy intimate family relationship with both parents who become mentors and role models. This is in the sense that in parents able to devote more energy and time to their children, hence positively influencing their habits (Benjamin Lahey, 2003, p. 62). These children are also least associated with delinquency as they get more resources and a more sensible family setup. On the other hand, non-traditional families fail in larger proportions to provide the same thus, children from such families are likely to get into crime when they seek to make up for what they lack. Traditional family parents have the vantage of sharing the cost of commitment to their children especially financially. This is contrary to what faces a non-traditional family parent who may find it difficult to commit time for emotional and financial support to all of his or her childrenModern society is experiencing a fast increase in non-traditional family set ups with many people opting for single ancestry especially women to avoid commitments that come with one being a wife and at the same time a mother. Therefore, according to Coughlan (2007, P. 29), juvenile delinquency is more rampant due to such social setups brought about by living preferences of the modern generation (35). Just as good parenting may have a hiting effect on bringing up virtuously upright children, the opposite results in a poorly natured child who is more vulnerable to getting out of school for example, and getting involved in criminal activities.Critical Theories for Juvenile DelinquencyTh is encompasses a set of explanations by various sociologists and renowned scholars on how differences in numerous characteristics such as gender or race can lead to an increase in rates of crimes among different members of the society. Other documents focus on group differences and how those in positions of authority trigger commitment to crime by young people (Coleta et al 2007).Racial differences traditionally, can be associated with the Marxism theory too which postulates that those in positions perceived superior are the most likely to dictate the pace as goes the infamous assigning that he who pays the piper, calls for the tune. Marxist theory beg that people those who own production chains have the greatest say in making any decisions pertaining that particular line of production. Larry et al. 2008, p. 227). Argue that others who are the minorities will have to go by what the haves dictate such as the type of work to be done, by who and how. Biases that have lead to favouri tism of certain specific minority groups among the many world societies have lead not only to unresolved conflicts, but also in an increase in juvenile delinquency especially in the American societies. This finding is among the most recent theories in criminal justice that explain wherefore delinquency is on the rise in such social set ups where a particular race feel more superior than the other to the extent of treating the latter as subordinates (229).Racial abuses for example can be tracked right from the social status of many societies with less universal places being affected more. This implies that where a group of people is in crushed numbers, biases more prevalent. Perceptions on people weak economically greatly affect young people relations with, view of people of the opposite class. It is seeming(a) in many societies across the globe that these young people will always behave in a way suggesting that they are inappropriate to what pertains those perceived as opponent s (Agnew, 2005, p. 119). This usually results in numerous conflicts, as antipathetic beliefs are ever experienced with majorities emerging triumphant over the minorities eventually encouraging crime especially with the youth.The Kaplan Theory on Self-esteem as Delinquent FactorMost young people especially adolescents will always urgency to stay and fit in a place they feel accepted. Whenever this fails to happen, these people turn for alternatives to ensure that the recapture their original status of self-satisfaction. The already established criminal organizations within the society always benefit from decisions of such young people who feel rejected by their own class (Benjamin Lahey, 2003, p. 19). Criminal organizations usually offer a very copesettic settlement, as they are easy to accept and make one feel good thus restoring the much sought self-esteem.Unfortunately, swings in self -esteem are experienced most in adolescent again making the young people more vulnerable. Thi s is because at this stage they have developed self-preferences, which may not by provided by the society, thus making them feels rejected (Larry et al. 2008, p. 47). A solution to this is usually alternative peer groups into which they get into even if they are engaged in criminal activities. Self-derogatory theory formulated by Kaplan is being used in many research studies to establish how far hit the effects of low self-esteem are, in juvenile delinquency.Feminist Theory of Juvenile DelinquencyGender differences are the main factor used to argue with this theory. Despite the fact that the theory focuses on the overall rates of committing crime among people of all ages, careful analysis can lead to a more direct link to juvenile crime. The theory too, seeks to crystallise why male commit crimes more than females, and why females commit crime in the general social perspective (Weiher et al. 1991, p. 42). Gender disparities experience by females is one of the major catalysts incre asing the number of junior female offenders. Positions appoint to females in many societies especially in the developing world are more disadvantageous compared to that of their male counterparts. Females are likely to get into crime such as drug peddling at an early age when their rights are denied for instance when forced to drop out of school to give room for their brothers who are socially assumed to have better chances of attending and successfully completing studies (72).Females at their younger age are more like to be abuse sexually by their dominant males thus opt for alternative forms of life, which makes them end up in crime brackets. This is because they cannot be accepted back into the society so easily as they are already labeled as delinquents at a tender age. This theory is used to explain female juvenile offences and how being female may influence the rate at which juvenile delinquency occur (82). Crime among youthful members of the society can only be understood we ll by considering different social encounters by females in events where men want to demonstrate their prowess in ruling women.ConclusionJuvenile crime can easily be tackled when intercepted at its point of origin. Individuals who happen to be involved in such crimes usually develop the craving to do so while still young therefore posing a very good opportunity to tackle the vice as children are more malleable and can easily be molded into positive characters. Psychosocial factors also play a very important role in juvenile crime as the way people think and work determine the general social uprightness of the young generation. Perceptions cultivated among different groups of people by the people themselves are more detrimental to minorities especially when they are negative. Societies with more conspicuous differences such as races are more like to experience higher rate of juvenile delinquency.

Muscle Training Intervention in Heart Failure Article Review

Muscle Training Intervention in titty Failure Article ReviewPrinciples of Research in care for devoteA Critical Appraisal of Padula, C. A., Yeaw, E. and Mistry, S. (2009) A home-based nurse-coached inspiratory muscular tissue educational activity hindrance in heart failure. Applied Nursing Research, 22 18-25.Guidelines by Burns and Grove (2011) form the basis of this appraisal.Statement of the problem use of goods and services of the airfieldPadula et al. (2009) begin by discussing the clinical problem that led to the query being conducted. Disabling dyspnoea in heart failure (HF) is affecting patients quality of life. Impaired inspiratory muscle function has been recognised as a potential character of dyspnoea in HF. The determination of the look into emerges logically from the clinical problem which is to construe the yieldiveness of an inspiratory muscle training intervention (IMT) on dyspnoea and health-related quality of life (HRQOL). The purpose of the survey i s directly linked to the clinical problem because the experimental dead reckoning if upheld may facilitate improved therapies for HF patients.Literature ReviewThis persona is clearly defined and well organised. A review of the abstracts for the eight stemmas cited in the IMT in HF section denotes that all be relevant radical info-based studies. There be only two sources cited within 5 years of the acceptance date for publication. Sources should be current (Burns Grove, 2011). The queryers fail to agnise whether a systematic search strategy was exercised (Moule Goodman, 2009). Furthermore, the investigators may have put in additional sources if they had included theoretical literature.Padula et al. (2009) paraphrase the knowledge gleaned from each source and form a critique of the overall methodology used in these studies. Three of the studies did not employ a control group this decision may have threatened their capacity to infer causal relationships. In the RCTs, sampl e sizes were small and effect sizes were not published. Consequently, the ability to maintain differences in outcomes betwixt groups was compromised (Seers Critelton, 2001).The literature review identifies gaps in the knowledge base which builds a case for the present study. Padula et al. (2009) report that further look is necessary to determine the precise intensity of IMT.Study Design SampleThere is equivocalness regarding the study design as the seekers refer to the study as an RCT on two occasions. On closer inspection, the study does not meet the criteria for this categorisation as complete experimental control is not possible (CASP, 2014). The study is a two-group quasi-experiment with pre- and post-test design (Hek Moule, 2006). This design is enamor to address the research question.Although participants are assigned to groups with equal probability, the method selected (i.e. coin toss) is not entirely appropriate for small sample sizes (i.e. n=31) because it may lea d to imbalance between the size of the experimental group and control group. Schulz Grimes (2002) explain that when a term of tails or heads is thrown, it is tempting for the researchers to modify the results. This may result in subtle differences between groups. A more sophisticated method would be to use computer generated random numbers (Crombie, 2005). RCTs are conducted in research units to ensure greater control over extraneous variability. The present study was conducted in patients homes.The research population was stable HF patients without coexist pulmonary disease or cognitive impairment. The sampling method is nonprobability convenience because the researchers recruited participants by means of newspaper advertisements and physicians offices (Clark-Carter, 2001). This method may have excluded patients who did not retaliate their physician on a regular basis. The article fails to include a power analysis a test to assess the studys ability to detect pregnant differen ces. The researchers acknowledge that the sample was small (n=31). An effect size for IM strength was reported (d=0.48).Data CollectionThe data assemblage methods are appropriate for measuring the dependent variables (Padula et al. 2009). Test-retest reliability values are document for the following measures PI max, the Borg scurf (1982), and self-efficacy. These values should be documented for all data collection methods (Burns Grove, 2011). This useful statistical test is a measure of the stability of the scores elicited over time (Sim Wright, 2000). A Chronbachs alpha score was only documented for one of the measures. This statistical test measures inherent consistency i.e. how confident are we that the individual items in a scale are accurately measuring the same invention (Clark-Carter, 2001).The article reports that the research assistants followed a specified protocol, however this is not provided in the report. The article should document all the steps taken to reduce errors during the data collection process (Burns Grove, 2011). For example, it is unknown whether steps were taken to reduce exploiter error in taking physiological measurements such as respiratory pattern.Measurements were taken at spaced intervals (i.e. weeks 1, 3, 6, 9 12) this design feature strengthens our arrogance in the findings. Mention should be made here of the possibility of strike effectuate the notion that participants may have modified their responses on the Borg scale to match the expectations of the study (McCambridge et al. 2012).AnalysisThe inferential analyses (ANOVA) conducted are appropriate for the fiber of data collected (Ratio/interval and ordinal Dancey Reidy, 2011). Post hoc analyses were used to detect the location of the differences in two of the dependent variables a best convention approach. A table showing all mean scores including substance levels for each dependent variable would be beneficial to the reader.A square difference was detect ed for IMT strength in the experimental group (p interchangeThe key findings are clearly stated and are consistent with front literature. The researchers offer an alternative explanation to account for why a significant improvement in IM strength and dyspnoea in the IMT group was found. Participants may have become accustomed to the technique of generating high maximal inspiratory pressures this is referred to as the training effect. This is a confounding variable that could compromise the internal validity of the study.The researchers account for why the secondary aim of the study was not met. The measurement for self-efficacy (the CSES) was inadequate for the purpose it was intended for. The researchers acknowledge the studys limitations the relatively small sample size (n=31). The strict inclusion criteria effects external validity as the findings cannot be generalised to patients with HF and coexisting COPD which is prominent in the population. This is acknowledged as a potent ial source of error.The study contributes to an evidence base for the use of IMT as an additional give-and-take for stable HF and provides recommendations for future research.Word count 1100ReferencesBorg, G. (1982). Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. intelligence in Sports and Exercise, 14 (5) 377-381.Burns, N. and Grove, S. K. (2011) Understanding nursing research building an evidence-based practice. fifth ed. Maryland Heights, MO Elsevier Saunders.Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) (2014) CASP checklists online. Available from http//www.casp-uk.net/casp-tools-chcklists/c18f8. Accessed 1 June 2014.Clark-Carter, D. (2001) Doing quantitative psychological research. East Sussex, UK Psychology Press Ltd.Crombie, I. K. (2005) The pocket run to critical appraisal. London BMJ Publishing Group.Dancey, C. and Reidy, J. (2011) Statistics without maths for psychology. 5th ed. London assimilator Hall.Hek, G. and Moule, P. (2006) Making sense of research an introduction fo r health and social supervise practitioners. 3rd ed. London Sage Publications Ltd.McCambridge, J., de Bruin, M. and Witton, J. (2012) The effects of demand characteristics on research participant behaviours in non-laboratory settings a systematic review. PLoS One, 7 (6) e39116.Moule, P. and Goodman, M. (2009) Nursing research an introduction. London Sage Publications Ltd.Padula, C. A., Yeaw, E. and Mistry, S. (2009) A home-based nurse-coached inspiratory muscle training intervention in heart failure. Applied Nursing Research, 22 18-25.Schulz, K. F. and Grimes, A. (2002) Blinding in randomised trials hiding who got what. The Lancet, 359 (9307) 696-700.Seers, K. and Critelton, N. (2001) Quantitative research designs relevant to nursing and healthcare. Nursing Times Research, 6 (1) 487-500.Sim, J. and Wright, C. (2000) Research in health care concepts, designs and methods. Cheltenham, UK Stanley Thornes.1

My Personal And Professional Development Education Essay

My Personal And superior Development Education EssayIn this essay I leave alone critic aloney quantify my personal and professional victimisation with relation to QTS standards for school agency forethought. Using current theories and research I impart identify problems and wager up forward assertable solutions to improve my future recital. This pass on be achieved through and through pondering practice, in which I leave book a journal of my progression and identify key rural atomic number 18as for development. Using this record of my developing segmentation direction, I bequeath critic tout ensembley evaluate my experience progression.If playacting is the cheat of stopping people coughing, t distributivelying is the art of stopping them throwing things around (McManus 1995)During my primary space in school, I was able to experiment with a variety of dogma techniques for al together aspects of teaching. Due to the type of school I was displace at, the k ey cipher I had to visit was schoolroom counselling. The school had protracted problems with pupil demeanor, in that respectfore in the beginning any meaningful learning could train place schoolroom centering had to be dealt with. By the end of the placement my tutor gave me both(prenominal) extremely positive comments close my progress in this field of battle and advised that I must continue to concentrate on divideroom coiffement to achieve outstanding lesson observations in the future. She explained that once I no longer had to think about discipline in the screenroom and it became to a greater extent natural, I would wherefore be able to spend to a greater extent(prenominal) time on other aspects of teaching. The enormousness of doings counselling to whole aspiring instructors has been highlighted by to a greater extent than theorists over the years, effective classroom management is essential to effective teaching (Capel et al, 2005).With this focus in intellect I began my secondment placement with a strong motivation to develop my management techniques using all the resources available. This was an ideal atomic number 18a of development for me to accustom in my learning journal, where I could record my problems, search out bran-new techniques and critically evaluate my progression. This would accordingly provide me with a wealth of strong leaven to prove I had met the appropriate standards required to achieve Qualified direction Status (QTS). These standards, fortune by the government, cover the range of skills a teacher must comport in order to teach satisfactory lessons. several(prenominal) of these cover classroom management and through this assignment I go forth be able to asses how flourishingly I pass water achieved these standards.Before I bum begin to evaluate my practice I offset printing fatality to set a washbasin definition of classroom management and what it will encompass. A clear and straightf orward definition is march onn by Wragg (1993) home management is what teachers do to ensure that children engage in the business in hand, whatever that may be. Although simplistic this is essentially what all teachers must address every lesson. Before any meaningful teaching can don place, students behaviour in the classroom must be consentable for all pupils to be able to learn. til now, this essential thought then opens up a wide variety of variables which affect a students behaviour in lessons. It is these aspects of behaviour management which I will focus on in my contemplative practice.When studying classroom behaviour teachers of often talk about sad or bad behaviour sh suffer by pupils but this can part depending on the teachers point of view. Bad behaviour is wherefore defined by the level of disruption ca dod to a childs learning. Lawrence (1984) is quoted, disruption amounted to anything which pr razeted the teacher from achieving worthwhile results with the pu pils. Describing fast behaviour as, a general refusal to be taught, doing no campaign or refusal to obey. Knowing what is bad behaviour then relinquishs the teachers establish techniques to anticipate and strangle its occurrence.All student teachers hoping to develop their class management must accept the responsibility they fetch for all pupils behaviour. some(prenominal) teachers are understandably antipathetical to acknowledge that the flat coat for pupils misbehaviour may be found as often in their teaching as in the pupils in force or failure to learn (Charlton David, 1989). Therefore teachers must understand that it is non whole the child or their background that is to blame for misbehaving. The teachers actions and decisions are possibly the approximately important factor effecting a pupils behaviour in their class. Having this in mind, a trainee teacher should take a greater responsibility of their management techniques and focus on improvements.Effective classr oom management is based on these ele noetic principles expressing authority, conveying enthusiasm, pro bodily process and preparation. (Bryson 1998). These four principles are the basic structure for establishing classroom management on which teachers can build their practice. However, developing these skills, especially as a student teacher, are nonoriously complicated as they are often hard to practice. List of qualities for those fashioning with irritatesome children teachers must be stable, compassionate, sensitive, intelligent, resilient, fledged and physically fit. (Houghughi 1978) Behaviour management relies heavily on a teachers personality, mannerisms, acting ability and particulary confidence. Teaching skills are difficult to get a purchase on because they are dynamic rather then mechanistic in character (Eisner 1982). Yet there are many theorists who pee highly-developed techniques which can enhance and improve these skills. I will put into practice many of these t heories during my placement and evaluate them in my brooding pound. I will record the success or failure of these strategies and suggest ship behavior in which they have enabled me to meet any QTS standards. In order to achieve this I must setoff establish an effective way to record and evaluate my classroom management using a reflective practice model.Although we all learn from experience, more and more experience does non guarantee more and more learning. We should not rely solely on our natural do by of reflecting on experience, but actively seek ways to ensure that upbraiding itself become a habit. (Beaty 1997).Thus, to ensure progression is optimal a structure and focused method of reflection must be carried out by prentices. During my time in placement B I will keep a journal describing my progress in improving classroom management during fractional a stipulation. This will focus on one unity year 8 class, who I have saved as having many behavioral issues. By re cording the problems I faced and the productive and stillborn management techniques I used, I will have a flesh out account of my teaching development. I will use this journal as a key source when relating classroom management theories to real brio practice. This reflective procedure is essential for trainee teachers and is the key focus of this assignment.Dewey (1933) is acknowledged as a major instigator in the twentieth century of the concept of reflection, muster on the ideas of many classical theologians such as Plato, Aristotle, Confucius and Buddha (Houston, 1988). Since then several models of reflection have been presented in the last thirty years. Gibbs (1988), lav (2000), Atkins Murphy (1994) and Kolb (1984) have all produced differing models which offer different methods of reflection.David Kolb (1984) call upd that learning occurs in a cycle in which learners engage in and then observe and reflect on experiences. The learner can then integrate reflections into t heir own theory, allowing them to estimate how to react in the future. This basic outline is a levelheaded structure on which to base my journal but a more detailed and specific model for reflection would be of greater use.Gibbss (1988) reflective cycle developed Kolbs theories but adapted them into a more easy model (appendix 1). Gibbs model suggests the learner describes what happens, explains their feelings at the time and then evaluates the positives and negatives of the experience. From this breeding the practitioner can then analyse the line and make conclusions about what deficiencys to be changed and what should remain. This allows the learner to set action plans to suggest what could be done in a similar situation in the future. This is a very accessible method for reflection which offers the learners opportunity to reflect on the key aspects of their learning and then use this information to set hard-nosed targets. Christopher Johns (2000) is more critical of Gibbss cycle quoting This might be multipurpose for the connoisseur reflective practitioner but remember, within a reflective horizon such structures are merely devices to help you reflect rather then impose a prescription of what reflection is. Although I agree with Johns assertion I believe I am still a savant reflective practitioner and so feel comfortable adopting Gibbs model.Johns (1994) model for merged reflection (MSR) can be used as a designate for analysis or reflection on an experience and would be useful for more complex decision do and analysis. MSR supports the ingest for the learner to work with a executive program throughout their learning experience. He refers to this as manoeuver reflection, and recommends that students use a structured diary. Platzer et al (1997) identify this as a strength of the model, as it is one of the few models of reflection that refers to the development of supervisor based reflections. Rolfe et al (2001) criticises the MSR, as it sole ly responds to a situation, which has been resolved. It does not give enough flexibility for the practitioner to evolve their practice as the situation changes. However I will incorporate the need for a learner to work with a supervisor, such as my subject tutor, into my own reflective practice as it gives me an experienced perspective on my development (see LDJ).I will predominantly use Gibbss reflective cycle when evaluating my progression in classroom management but in addition incorporate Christopher Johns theory of supervisor supported reflection. I will organise it pursual Hollys (1989) Log diary Journal (LDJ) pro forma to structure each entry of my reflections. This will allow me to cl early(a) state my lesson information, objectives, activities and dates in one column labelled Log. The second column, headed Diary, will contain a description of what occurred, my feelings on what had happened and evaluations of this experience, i.e. one half of Gibbs cycle. The final column , labelled Journal, will contain the second half of the cycle, analysing situations, drawing conclusions and setting targets. This branch will also contain the comments and suggestions made by my subject tutor and supervisor. This model of reflection should then give me a sufficient amount of information to make significant progress in the classroom.On arrival at Placement B I was inclined a timetable of the classes I would be teaching, giving me the opportunity to observe each class with their regular teacher over several weeks. Knowing the areas of development I needed to focus on during this placement I was sensitive that behaviour was going to be a key target. oneness conference I was required to teach were a bottom set year 8 class. From the first lesson I observed with this crowd it was abundantly clear that the classroom management needed to be addressed. The class contained 18 pupils all with varying Special Educational Needs (SEN). These ranged from severe physical an d mental disabilities to strong social, emotional and behavioural difficulties. This large array of barriers to learning meant the teacher had to differentiate each lesson in a very wide ranging way. proficiency levels were set comparatively high compared to children with similar learning difficulties and the class had not met their target grades as a group since joining the school. However by and by talking to the head of perception the reason for the weak performance seemed to be caused by the poor people behaviour posen in the classroom. During three weeks of observing the group classroom behaviour was the worst I have ever seen (LDJ log 1). The majority of students left their seats and often ran around the class represent or fighting with other pupils. Equipment was continually thrown around the room and work torn up or dropped on the floor and ignored. Many pupils refused to even take their coats off in the classroom. Around 4 or 5 students were behaving very head and con centrated on the work set by the teacher. However the rest were at this point so given up to spending each science lesson misbehaving that they did not seam to know that this was not how to behave in a lab.The reason for this poor behaviour was not simply caused by the pupils SEN and disabilities. Since beginning school a year and a half earlier the class have not had the same science teacher for more than a few months. The science department has had a lot of staff absences and so this class has had a lot of fork up cover as their main teacher has been absent for 8 months. This inadequacy of consistency has meant pupils have not yet learnt how to behave appropriately in a science lesson. This class therefore gave me the perfect opportunity to log my progression of classroom management in Placement B, with the hope of dowry this class to begin some actual science learning. With this in mind I prepared for my first lesson with this group.Classroom management adopts fountainhead b efore the students reach the classroom itself, involving careful preparation of both teaching and the room, aboard detailed plan. Dymoke Harrison (2008). After several weeks of observations I felt I was healthy prepared for my first lesson with 8E4. Yet after the first hours lesson I acquire how unprepared I had been (Log 1). Although I had collected all the available data on each pupil and had observed the class with different affix teachers the behaviour was still out-of-the-way(prenominal) below what I had expected. One factor which I believe caused this was the time it took students to set up at the go forth of the session. Rutter et al (1979) reported that where teachers were waiting for classes and able to supervise their entry there was less school disorder. At the beginning of the first lesson I had trouble with the ICT equipment and so was unable to spot the students as they entered the room. I asked students to line up at the back of the room then sat students in a random order. This did not set the tone of the lesson well as it took far too long to organise and students were bored and easily distracted. The start of a lesson is vital in establishing the cubic yard for the rest of the session but also informs students on what they should expect from the new teacher. Wragg (1984) showed that experienced teachers, when compared with students, were more likely to greet the pupils, occupy a central position in the room, wait for relieve before speaking, issue directions authoritatively and use eye contact. Therefore I must always ensure that I have prepared for the start of each lesson and I set the tone I desire for the following sessions in toll of behaviour. Marland (1975) points out that a straightforward start to lessons, with something that occupies pupils at their desk, allows the teacher to cope with interruptions and late-comers. I will try wherever possible to prepare fully for lessons and anticipate any behavioural problems in my planning to stop any issues arising. We believe that the most effective way to manage behaviour problems is to prevent, or at lease minimise, their occurrence. Successful teachers were remark to be far more adept at preventing them. (Charlton David, 1989)The first activity I had planned with this class was to create a set of simple classroom rules which students will design and follow (LP1).This was based on the work of McManus (1995) One way of proceeding with classes that are already out offhand is to draw up jointly a short list of rules and make up some sort of bargain with the class. Suggesting, It is more effective to express the rules positively, so pupils know what they have to do rather then not do. I had seen this done before and felt is was suitable for this already disruptive class. However when I asked the class to suggest their own classroom rules they gave knowingly lightheaded or inappropriate suggestions. I had anticipated this happening and so had my own pre pr epared rules. However when evaluating my lesson I now realise I should not have given in as quickly as I did in providing the class with some rules. If I had pushed students to state their own rules they would have produced a much more powerful management tool. Giving the students will power of rule setting allows the teacher to transfer extra responsibility on those breaking the rules as they had agreed on how they should behave in the class. I will therefore ensure pupils always decide their own classroom regulations, giving myself more ways to manage behaviour.Since the rules were set I have continually been reinforcing them at the beginning of each lesson. Bull and Solity (1987) note the importance of stressing to the class the natural consequences of keeping the rules, making it easier to withdraw the artificial dodging. This has been an area that my subject tutor suggested I need to improve (Log 1). Now that the classroom rules are known, when they are not followed by studen ts I must show the consequences of pupils misbehaving. I had set out to use the whole school transcription of 2 warning then a room removal. However in the first few lessons I continued to give out warnings even when students should have been removed to a different class. In future I must be consistent with the schools discipline procedures and show to students I will follow through with my threats.After the unsuccessful first lesson I had determined to set up a reward system for those in the class who do behave well in lessons. This would then act as an incentive for the rest of the group to change their own behaviour for the line up to earn a reward (Log 2). Bull Solity (1987) suggest Token rewards such as points are also useful as immediate rewards because they can be given for different behaviours and are relatively easy to parcel out at the time they are earned. The raffle ticket system I set up did work very well. Though not successful enough to improve every childs behav iour instantly, a large section of the class were visibly motivated by the reward. I was able to use the incentive of gaining a prize to ensure students sat at their desks and move the work set. Over the following lessons I continued the raffle system and it became an increasingly powerful tool for classroom management, especially when students saw others who had behaved well collecting their prizes (Log 6). This raffle ticket system has also worked well with some older classes I have taught and I will continue to use it in the future. This is a very useful technique for effective behaviour management.In Log 3 I noted that By teaching a more interesting and exciting topic I believe pupils are more likely to be engaged in the lesson and behaviour will improve. My tutor had suggested in the previous lesson that the activities and success criteria set were not suitable for all the students in the class and that this could have been a reason for the poor behaviour. Gannaway (1984) foun d that pupils were less likely to co-operate in lessons, especially ones judged boring, if there was too much writing. With this in mind I planned lessons that I hoped would be more engaging to the students and therefore reduce behavioural issues. I spoke to the Head of Science in school who gave me permission to try a different subject topic with 8E4, as the planned avoidance of work was very abstract and difficult to understand for students of this ability. Log 4 showed that students were interested as shortly as they entered the room and did not want to be removed from the lesson. The lesson was keep in short chunks to keep the pace up and reduce the amount of disruption. By choosing a subject (CSI) that was more exciting and accessible students behaviour did improve. Although this worked well for this class I will not have the luxury of picking my own scheme of work with other groups I teach. I therefore need to find ways of making the more boring and disengaging science topi cs more interesting for students.Studies have shown that pupils behave cleanse and complete more work in rows. Further, pupils sit in the comportment and centre of the room are said to be more attentive. (McManus 1995) Log 3 highlighted the need for a more structured seating plan. rather then using the random collection from the first lesson I sat down and drew up a more considered plan. I put students into groups of 3 or 4 of mixed ability and equal gender. Based on the advice from my tutor this would mean those who struggle academically would be supported by the brighter pupils. Rewards would be awarded to groups, meaning the pupils had to work together and learn how to co-operate. This was a major issue in the class as many of the pupils are violent and hostile towards each other (Log 1,2,3). The new seating arrangements worked a lot better then the previous plan. I had intentionally placed the 3 most disruptive pupils at the front and centre of the room where I could constan tly watch their actions. I maintained these groups over the next lessons and most groups eventually started to work together cohesively. so far though they still do not work together harmoniously, when compared to the first two lessons the behaviour has vastly improved.After slowly building on the small steps of successful previous lessons Log 5 showed how it can all fall apart again. I attempted a interoperable experiment with the group which did not go as planned. As soon as the practical began, students began messing around and acting in an unsafe manner. 3 pupils had to be removed and I also ended the practical early for safety reasons. (Log 5) This experience highlighted to me that I need to develop a better wittingness of what is occurring in my classrooms. Marland (1975) coined the term lighthouse effect in which successful teachers frequently scan the class and regularly make remarks to show they are missing nothing. I do this too infrequently in my lessons and it is an a rea that needs to be strengthened as I progress.After the lesson 5 disaster (Log 5) I planned a far more regiment practical for lesson 6 (LP6) based on classroom management theory. Partington and Hinchcliffe (1979) noted that effective classroom managers prepared effectively and extensively as well as the content they planned for organisational matters such as movement, time and the task of particular jobs. With this in mind I structured the practical activity of lesson 6 extremely tightly. We completed the practical together as a group, doing one teeny-weeny step at a time. This meant all students knew but what to do and did not get confused or left behind. We did not move on to the next step until all students were ready. All behavioural issues could be dealt with much easier as students were keen to be involved and work at the same pace as the rest of the group. I was surprise at how well this structured approach worked and it will be the scout for all future practicals.At the end of my first half term at Placement B I had a detailed survey meeting with my subject tutor. I asked about my progress in terms of classroom management and the areas I need to improve. The main target he suggested was to look at my own body language and research some theories on this subject. Kohl (1986) gave a very fitting description of his teacher training. In one short week I went from informal Herb, with an open ruffle and sweater, to Mr Kohl with a suit and tie, a very controlled manner and an unnatural, stern look. My students had taught me that I had to establish my authority before I could teach them anything. I need to follow Kohls lead and adapt my presence and demeanour in the classroom. Rather then appearing fragile or weak I need to portray my authority over the students. This can be achieved not only through my voice or my threats but in my gestures, stance and position in the classroom. Goffman (1968) observed that impressions given off, as distinct from those deliberately given, are normally taken as a more accurate get hold of to a persons inner state. I must constantly be aware of the signals I am portraying to the class and try to ensure they are the signs I want to give to the room.Having experimented with several different classroom management techniques I have highlighted those which have improved my own practice and those which have not. Throughout these evaluations I have often felt that many strategies which I have observed or attempted often have the frigid effect. Teachers control strategies can sometimes exacerbate rather than alleviate situations (Cooper 1993). I do not necessarily believe that just because a class is well behaved or quiet that their learning is improved. Docking (1992) builds on this feeling, disputation The word control has mechanistic connotations, implying that teachers order their charges around without respecting their personhood. There is little room for discourse, listening to and trying to unders tand the voice of the pupil. The best way for pupils to learn is most often when they are arguing or discussing a subject. To an observer this may appear to be bad behaviour and poor classroom management. Yet it is only when students are allowed to apply their knowledge in discussions with others that effective learning can really take place. I therefore need to focus my attention not on ensuing a classroom is silent and all pupils follow my commands but that students are making as much progression as possible.Word Count 4, 323

Vibrio Cholerae Cytolysin (VCC) Membrane Pore Formation

Vibrio Cholerae Cytolysin (VCC) Membrane Pore FormationVibrio cholerae cytolysin (VCC) is a potent tissue layer focalize casting protein toxin secreted by mevery pathogenic crease of the V.cholerae. In its tissue layer decoct- fermentation mode of action, VCC belongs to the family of the drum center on-forming toxin (-PFTs) proteins. VCC is secreted by the pathogenic bacteria V.cholerae in the form of water-soluble, monomeric, inactive precursor form of the protein, known as Pro-VCC. Proteolytic deletion of the N-terminal Pro-domain from this inactive precursor molecule generates the active, mature form of the VCC toxin. VCC induces colloid-osmotic lysis of the identify eukaryotic by generating the transtissue layer heptameric barrel channels/ concenters. The high-resolution molecular(a) structural in shaping is available for the water-soluble monomeric Pro-VCC form as fountainhead as for the transtissue layer heptameric pore social organisation of the VCC. Structural ana lysis of the water-soluble monomeric form and the transtissue layer structure suggest that the VCC follows the overall pattern of the archetypical -PFTs utensil of pore- physical composition. nonetheless, the clear-cut intermediate steps leading the contemporaries of the funcational tissue layer pore formation by VCC bring on only been characterized to a limited extent.Consistent with the infer -PFTs mode of action, the membrane pore formation mechanism of the VCC is recommended to follow triad different steps fundamental interaction of the VCC monomeric unit towards the target carrell membrane formation of the metastable, transient prepore oligomeric intermediates on the cubicle membrane and finally reincarnation of the prepore oligomeric assemblage into the functional transmembrane oligomeric b barrel channels. Previous research head for the hills on the members of -PFTs including VCC suggest that the generation of the functional transmembrane oligomeric pore structure comprises the membrane founding of the pore-forming stem region from each of the toxin protomer towards formation of the transmembrane barrel portions of the toxin. However, it has non been examine experimentally, in particular in the case of VCC toxin, whether the membrane innovation of the stem region could occur in the membrane-associate monomeric state of the toxin before the prepore oligomer generation or whether the prepore oligomer generation precedes the membrane unveiling of the stem region of the VCC toxin. redden in the case of generalized -PFTs membrane pore-formation mechanism, such place of pore formation level(p)ts has non been established precisely. Previous studies demonstrated that the engineered -PFTs (for example, VCC and staphylococcal LukF) not able to inserting their pore-forming stem region into the membrane lipid bilayer of the target cell membrane. Such protein fluctuations, having their stem loop in a closed structure through the engineered disu lfide linkage, be remaining trapped in their nonfunctional prepore oligomeric state. However form this observation it not clear whether the membrane oligomreization is absolutely demand to trigger the membrane insertion or whether membrane insertion could be initiated before the prepore generation. Such perception can only be inquire by trapping the b-PFTs toxin molecule in its membrane-bound monomeric form without allowing the generation of the transmembrane oligomeric structures. In this order, a direct correlation between the membrane oligomerization and the membrane insertion has been demonstrated in staphylococcal toxin, an archetypical member of the -PFTs family. Staphylococcal toxin containing a single point mutation has been shown to displayed defective membrane oligomerization of the membrane-bound protein and obstruct the membrane insertion of the pore-forming stem loop of the toxin. This investigation suggests that, in case of Staphylococcal toxin, the membrane inse rtion event of the toxin depend critically on the preliminary membrane oligomrization step of the toxin. A similar pore-forming mechanism has been reported in the case of perfringolysin O, a swelled member of the subclass of the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin (CDC) under -PFTs family. Interestingly, streptolysin O, another prominent member in the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin type -PFTs, follows a different mechanism of membrane pore formation that may have involve distinct sequence of events. In the membrane pore formation mechanism of streptolysin O, it has been proposed that the progressive assembly of the membrane-inserted monomeric unit of the toxin may act towards the formation of the transmembrane oligomeric pore structures of different pore sizes. A similar membrane oligomeric assembly has also been reported on another cholesterol-dependent cytolysin (CDC) class of -PFTs, pneumolysin. Thus, it emerge that the -PFTs member may not needfully follow a common generalized pr ocedure for the membrane pore formation mechanism of the toxin. It is, therefore, important to examine the sequence of the membrane oligomreization and insertion events for each particular member of the -PFTs family to elucidate the molecular mechanistic expound of their membrane pore-formation action of the toxin.Many previous studies seekd the molecular mechanism(s) of the membrane oligomerization extremity convolute with the membrane pore formation action of the member of the -PFTs family including VCC. It is for the most part proposed that the association of the -PFTs protein monomer with the membrane component of the target host cells work as the triggering step to initiate the following events resulting towards membrane olgiomerization, membrane insertion, and functional transmembrane barrel pore formation. In particular, lipid components of the membrane like cholesterol have been extensively involved in the regulating of membrane pore formation fulfill. In the mode of a ction of VCC, the presence of cholesterol in the target membrane lipid bilayer has been reported to be an imperative requirement for the economic oligomerization and functional membrane pore formation by the protein. Cholesterol appears to foil the membrane pore-formation of the toxin by physically binding with the protein molecule and not by modulating the physicochemical environment of the target host cell membrane. The molecular mechanism of the membrane oligomerization in VCC has been explored only to a limited extent. In particular, the membrane interaction mechanism of the monomeric units of the VCC toxin, which probably acting to regulate the membrane oligomerization process of the VCC toxin, has not been explored so far. Structure analysis of the VCC oligomeric highlights the major interprotomer interactions between the beside monomer units. The most significant interactions are observed between the aminic red-hot residues within the membrane pore forming stem loop of t he toxin. More importantly, blocking the stem loop in its prestem configuration has been to abrogate the functional transmembrane oligomeric pore formation (SDS-stable oligomeric assembly) without any effect on the generation of the prepore oligomeric species (SDS-labile oligomers). It has been reported that, even in the physically absence of the stem loop, a truncated variant of VCC can generate prepore oligomeric assembly on the membrane. These observations precisely suggest that the interprotomer interactions involved in formation of the functional transmembrane oligomeric pore assembly without playing any critical determination in initiating the membrane oligomerization event of the membrane-bound protein molecules. Therefore, it appears that the additional molecular interaction between the monomer of the toxin might be playing the significant role in inducing the functional membrane oligomerization of the VCC toxin.In this part of study, to explore the details of the molecular mechanism of the membrane oligomerization process of the VCC toxin, we have mapped the pick up amino acid residue in the VCC molecular structure that are crucial to trigger the membrane oligomerization of the membrane-associate monomeric toxin molecules. Mutation of such key amino acid residues abrogates the membrane oligomerization step, trap the toxin in its membrane-bound monomeric state, and does not allow membrane insertion of the pore-forming stem loop form the VCC monomers. Our study, dissect the membrane interaction step from the following membrane oligomerization and insertion steps of VCC as a prototype in the b-PFTs family, This study also conclusively established that the membrane insertion critically required the functional oligomerization of the membrane-associate VCC toxin monomers on the target cell membrane.

Citizen Service Centres (KEP): Perceptions of Customers

Citizen swear out Centres (KEP) Perceptions of Customers1. Introduction1.1 Importance of the Re assay accord to the philosophic bases of trade node requisites satis featureion. As the consumer is the key for a firm, the elector is the r ally chemical element for a presidential term or party (Lock and Harri,1996).In this context the citizen voter wants satis situationion and probing his gladness from the helpers that ar offered to him is a electron lens through with(predicate) which government and popular fill inrs apprize gain a repair perspective on how citizens respond to the performance of prevalent aids, (Van Ryzin , 2004) and offers important findings for the insurance makers.Citizen satiscircumstanceion surveys ar frequently commitd by U.S. local governments and common tribunal researchers in outrank to measure the flavor of local government proceeds (Hatry et al., 1992 Miller and Kobayashi, 2000). A big number of U.S. cities enjoyment surveys on a regular basis (New York , San Francisco, Phoenix etc.),in order to analyze in a descriptive and uniform way , the level of perceived grapheme of go ,within a vicinity and over era (Van Ryzin et al., 2004).Recent studies pose comp bed citizen satisfaction with benchmarks that were developed from selective information collected across umteen localities (Miller and Miller 1991 Miller and Kobayashi 2000), and micturate rivet on the individual, jurisdictional, and city-specific determinants of citizen ratings of dish tonicity (De Hoog, Lowery, and Lyons 1990 Hero and Durand 1985),like taxes and expenditure ,and also on demographic and socio economical characteristics of respondents such(prenominal) as race (Schuman and Gruenberg, 1972).Other investigations have negotiated the citizen satisfaction from the police according to their ethnoracial characteristics (Brad W. S. 2005), or satisfaction from the education musical arrangement or from hospitals (Amyx,Bristow ,2001, Suda Anita D.,1998).The vastness of the public receiptss quality became popular in the United Kingdom at 1990s when the governmental parties put an speech pattern on the subject , yet even in our mean solar days the exigency for quality receiptss that meet client citizens needs and expectations, is more(prenominal) and more explicit .This need for quality public go is even expressed by the European Social Fund, as the implementation of the strategy and policies of the European perpetration at Member States ,is strongly related with the public service organizations, which some of them are responsible for (ESF,2009).And although, in the marketing research exist a number of well-developed shams of approaching node satisfaction, there has been little development of a model that would sort citizens satisfaction.As a pass on, it would be valuable to test such a model in the framework of Greek public service.1.2 The Research ObjectivesThe overall objective of this research i s to examine the Greek citizens experiences and expectations of service quality concerning the Citizen attend to Centres (KEP) -a Greek public service based on servqual model. From this overall objective a number of more specific aims clear be identifiedInvestigate consumer expectations towards the service offered from public services see citizen perceptions closely Citizen military service Centres(KEP)Asses the factors that play an important piece in the service quality of Citizen Service Centres (KEP)2. Literature Review2.1 Politics and the marketing judgmentIt has a great deal been argued that the application of marketing beams and instruments in politics is nonhing late (Perloff, 1999 Baines and Egan, 2001).In the last twenty-five years what have changed about the governmental marketing is not just the size of political marketing management but also the belief that political actors act and think in political terms. Political actors are them that they try to do marke ting management in a frame of integration of marketing instruments in a dogged marketing strategy (Newman, 1994a Dermody and Scullion, 2001).It is supposed that the selling of politicians and the selling of a increase is linked (OShaughnessy, 2001) and that commercial and political contexts are subjectively similar (Kotler, 1999). galore(postnominal) marketers believe that the tools and fancys of marketing sess be transferred directly to the political scope (Lock and Harris ,1996) .The applications of political marketing are apply as a tool of managing politics, developing policy (Nimmo, 1999), or even governing (OShaughnessy, 2003).The marketing pattern in commercial terms is based on the principle that all fraternity planning and operations ordain be client oriented. As such the philosophical basis of the marketing concept is that customer want satisfaction (OCass, 1996).When a political party or candidate applies this concept to the political help, they must be in a po sition to hold to and satisfy voters needs (Mauser, 1983 Newman and Sheth, 1987 Reid, 1988).For major(ip) mainstream parties, the overriding objective is to attract voters, get elections and hold power (Lock and Harris, 1996).In this extent k nowadaysing the stagecoach of satisfaction of citizens seems to be important.2.2 CitizenCitizen is every person of a resign that has the citizenship of it (New Encyclopaedia, 2006).According the take aim and the beat different criteria were used to define the citizen .The genealogical bar, which is the oldest, the legal criterion and the economic (taxation) criterion .According to the first, citizen is the son of citizen that hasnt lost his decents. This definition was used in the quaint cities in order to distinguish the mass from the public.According to the second criterion citizen is to each one one that is recognized like that from the honor. And finally, according to the last , citizen is each one that owns property or a quantit y of pricys and contributes to the governmental cypher (Encyclopaedia Papyrus Larousse Britannica, 1992).Citizens have some rights and obligations .Their rights are political such as the right to vote, to be member of the jury or public servant , and personal such as the right to live ,to have free people speech , to work, to live in freedom ,etc . ,that are protected from the claim and are given to everyone.Citizens obligations such as taxation are restrain in order to protect the privileges that are offered to citizens from the government and they emerge from the need of the States existence (New Encyclopaedia, 2006). One of the governmental works is the provision of goods and services. All the raw governments take part directly to the economy by providing goods and services , organising industrial enterprises I promoting economic activities .Providing sanitary, education, and benign insurance services , is one of the youthful give ins concerns (Heinz Eulau ,1992).2.3 Ci tizens as Customers, Customers as CitizensThe classic definition of customer is one who purchases or receives a product or service (Carlson, 1997).The concept of customer is often more complicated in the public celestial sphere. For example, the city of Coral Springs in Florida, refined the idea by considering two distinct categories of external customers. Moreover, a building permit applicant is a direct customer magical spell the applicants neighbors are among the indirect customers who will benefit if the decision helps to ensure a safer city and more remove land use and construction practices. save even with these refinements, citizen some hitchs has a broader meaning. Citizens enjoy rights and take on responsibilities that report well beyond those commonly recognized to customers (Popovich, 1999).Despite the passage of generations, the fact that government cannot succeed without the peoples trust and support, is a true even today.These essential elements of gracious soc iety shape the capacity and help determine the definite performance of government. Societys efforts to accomplish its highest priority and most hardheaded goals are potential to fall short in the absence of the peoples agreement in the functions of government. As the customer is the key for a firm, the citizen -voter is the central element for a government.2.4 human beings servicesA service is a non material product (education, health safety etc).The meaning of public services isnt constrained in the compass of Public and dministrative law .The public service is a known signification in the economy, as an appropriate tool of the states expansion in the br some otherly relations, for the preservation of stabilized provisions for the wel furthere state. Beyond the needs of the of practical policy, the come to of the political science with the expansions of the political philosophy is expressed , as the public service is characterized as the expansion of the state in its socia l activity . In other words , it is the way by which the state assembles the citizens in order to cover their direct needs .After the two demesne Wars this phenomenon is ob armed serviced in the European area .In Germany , this works as Anstalten (institutions) and the offentlichen Unternehmungen (public enterprises) . The administration (the welfare state) undertakes and guarantees benefits even for the preservation of life of human who live massively in big cities such as transportation ,cleanliness , water , electrical energy etc.he principles of function of the public services are machine-accessible with the needs and social aims that are tended to fulfil. Therefore, services are yieldd to everyone in the identical way in order to cover the needs, under conditions that change from time to time (Encyclopaedia Papyrus Larousse Britannica ,1992 ).According to the Europa Glossary that is being updated given the novel signing of the Treaty of Lisbon ,the concept of public serv ice is .At the same time the Europa Glossary defines thatcontinuity of servicequality credential of supplyequal accessaffordable pricessocial , cultural and environmental acceptabilityArticle 16 of the EC Treaty, introduced by the Treaty of Amsterdam, confirms the role of public services in the European Union. The EU policy on operators of public services is still shaped by the desire to change network public services and to widen the scope of competition on national markets, be this, in the areas of rail transport, postal services, energy or tele confabulations.2.5 Citizen Service Centres (KEP)The institution of KEP was founded in 2002, based on an idea of the substitute take care Mr Beno.The KEP were founded according to the article 31 of law 3013/2002 and were staffed with short term labour agreement workers, according to the processes of article 6 of law 2527/1997.According to the Ministry of inborn Affairs (2007), over 60.000 of citizens visit every day Citizen Service Cent res (KEP) for certified or not processes, ratifications of modifications, certifications of genuine signature and every kind of administrative information. The last three years 40 impertinent KEP were founded and now they are 1035 at their jibe.The centres are open Monday to Friday, 800 to 2000, and Saturday, 800 to 1400.At Citizen Service Centres (KEP) citizens can obtain information on what they need to do in order to manage their motions with the municipality* resign applications for the processing of matters that involve the City that the KEP is registered and state agencies in accordance with pronounce decisions loosed by the Interior Minister or other competent Minister(City of capital of Greece ,2007). few of the procedures (about 1.014 at total) that Citizens can carry out at Citizen Service Centres are the following The registration or transfer of registration of a passenger vehicle or pedal The egress of a have a bun in the oven surety pair The issuance of a cr iminal accede duplicate for general or legal use The issuance of a marital status certificate The issuance of a birth certificate duplicate for those registered with the City of Athens The application for a rent grant for the year 2006 to Workers Housing Organisation beneficiaries (former recipients) The issuance of a registry birth certificate duplicate for an adult or minor The issuance of a public transport pass for individuals with disabilities The application for the seasonal unemployment benefit in accordance with Article 22 of Law1836/89 OAED (Greek manpower betrothal Organisation) The issuance of a marital status certificate for individuals registered with the City of Athens (online) The application for a rent subsidy for the year 2006 to Workers Housing disposal beneficiaries (new recipients) The issuance of a marriage license duplicate The application for the OAED (Greek Manpower Employment Organization) family subsidy The issuance of a drivers license The issuance o f a Type A military status certificate (full) The renewal of a drivers license The issuance of a registry death certificate duplicate The application for change in passenger vehicle or motorcycle ownership The issuance of a permanent residence certificate The issuance of a judicial interdiction certificateSee Appendix 1Progressively KEP were transformed to Centres of Completed Transactions, bringing the Public judgeship more near to citizen. According to the Ministry of Internal Affairs (2007), citizens trust KEP and are in general satisfied from them. Nowadays they have permanent staff which possesses about 2588 positions.The number of personal billet that KEP handled the last years is presented at the table infraPERIODNUMBER OF AFFAIRSSERVED CITIZENS20063.042.5091.154.55420052.305.1951.527.51620041.643.3131.316.5052003423.759356.872Medium number of affairs per day from Monday to Friday 11.805Medium number of affairs per day (Saturday) 821According to the Ministry KEP are reco gnizable from about the 80% of citizens. Equally big are the visits to them that they exceed 60%, since they were enriched with new, more attractive for the citizen processes. But more interesting are the numbers game linked with the subject of satisfaction of citizens, which according to the ministry exceeds the 90%.The problems that the Public causa was facing when KEP were created were multiple. The most serious of them were the bad organization and the centralism of public services, neglect of confidence in the government owned services, lack of military rating, lack of meritocracy, debilitative of ASEP, fragmental, and consequently unsuccessful, efforts of application of Electronic Governing, absence of controls and sanctions and finally inflation of bureaucracy and corruptness. For this terra firma in 2007 a number of regulations of the article 15 of the law for Citizen Service Centres (KEP) were introduced, in order to fight the ticklishies and dysfunctions of citizen s service (Ministry of Internal Affairs, 2007).Some of the regulations were the following The foundation of the Direction of Organization and Operation of KEP in the usual Secretariat of Public Administration and Electronic Governing. The Direction was founded in order to guarantee the proper operation of KEP, but also their evolution in Centres of Completed Administrative Transactions, and the resolution of problems that emerges, because of their big number, the crowd of subjects and processes that they realize and the novel enlargement of their competences. The monitoring and the co-ordination of the operation of KEP is practiced , up today, at fragmentary way from the existing Direction of General Secretariat of Public Administration and Electronic Governing, fact which creates difficulties as far as it concerns the united foeman of problems. The regulation of subjects of mobility of permanent personnel. The employees will stay in the KEP of their homement, for at to the low est degree a five-year period, so that the association, which has been acquired in the particular KEP, not to get lost. The step-down and acceleration of processes The restriction of joint responsibilities among the Ministries. It is indicatively reported that Minister of Internal Affairs does not act jointly in more than 25 different regulatory actions The obligatory deadline of 50 days for the transaction of the affairs of citizens The payment of complete compensation in the citizen in case of stay put The self establish search of supporting documents from the service on behalf of the citizen. 208 certificates can be requested from the service without the citizens presence, for 18 of them the self appointed search is obligatory. Indicative is the progress that took place in the case of self appointed search of certificates of birth from KEP, where, while in 2005 they had 231.327 certificates and median(a) time of transaction the 8 days, in the end of 2006 the transaction rea ched 432.188 certificates, that is to say almost double, with medium time of transaction the 5 days. Same is the acceleration as far as it concerns the certificates of familial situation, where while in 2005 were publish 253.071 certificates, in 2006 until 2007, 373.219 certificates have been published The suppression of submission of supporting documents and their replacement with a personal declaration form for 7 cases The videoconference of administrative bodies The generalization of electronic communication and exchange of documents amongst the services. The network SIZEFKSIS ensures 50.000 digital certificates (under form of card) in civil servants equal in number. With this way is provided the possibility of electronic dissemination of document, with synchronic place of signature on this, with electronic way, without a problem of genuineness, after(prenominal) the distribution becomes from the above permitted employees with the use of digital certificate of (card). This e lectronic distribution involves big acceleration of process of publication and mission of document and contributes intimately in the fighting of bureaucracy. The application of a plan of restriction of state expenses and the enlarged public sector, by reforming the public services, so that they become more functional and effective The promotion of a regulatory reform, with the establishment of rules of good legislation as well as a system of evaluation of the results of legislative regulations in the competitiveness and the entrepreneurshipThe City of Athens operates a total of seven (7) Citizen Service Centres (KEP), one in each City District.Citizen Service Centres provide an online service for Athens citizens with regards the following* City of Athens municipal roll certificates* Permanent residence certificates* Certification TAP property salary payment (in cases where agreement exists on the number of square metres registered with the Public author Corporation and the contra ct of purchase)The Citizens Helpline 1595 provides information on documents required for all procedures process by Citizen Service Centres.2.6 Service marketingUsually marketing had been seen as having dual dimension.On the one hand, there is the ideal which supports that the existence of an organization in economical and social content is based on the satisfaction of customer needs and wants, and on the other hand there is the set of activities which serve this philosophy in order to be implemented (CromptonLamb,1986).The marketing of services is a sector with particular characteristics .The expenditure on services is exploitation in most industrialized economies. According to the European Commission , the persona share of gross domestic product attributable to the services sector rose from 38 per cent in 1970 to almost 50 pct by 1990.Crowell supports that what is significant about services is the relative dominance of nonphysical attributes in the make up of the service pro duct.Services as a special kind of product usually they do not result in ownership but they can be linked to a physical good require special treatment.According to Jobber, as many offerings whitethorn combine tangible and intangible characteristics the distinction between them is .For example, a marketing research study provides a physical good, which is the report that comes out, but also is the result of a number of service activities such as interviews with respondents, analysis of results, designing of the research, etc. Products such as a skirt or a pair of socks usually are not accompanied by a service so they can be characterised as pure goods, but also a visit to a doctor or psychotherapy can be regarded as a pure service as there is nothing tangible that the guest receives.2.6.1 THE NATURE OF SERVICESService characteristics can be summarised to the following four-spot intangibility, variability, perishability and inseparability.2.6.1.1 IntangibilityAs intangibility can b e characterised the fact that services cant be smelled, touched, tasted or seen. Service is a deed, performance or effort and not an object device or thing (Berry, 1980). In other words customer cant evaluate a service before buying it and sometimes cant evaluate it even after consuming it. For this reason the challenge for the service suppliers is to prove the quality of the service by communicating tangible benefits to consumers. Another characteristic of intangibility is the fact that the service cant be owned so customers pay for the use of product or the performance.2.6.1.2 VariabilityThe provision of service quality may vary depending to the person who provides it. In other words important factors are the capabilities the person has, his physical and mental situation (tiredness, attitude etc.) the location the service is provided .So, in order to control quality variation , methods such as evaluation systems , tight quality controls and service standardization methods are n eed (Jobber,2004).2.6.1.3 InseparabilityIn contrast with physical goods services cant be stored in order to be used later. Services are characterised by the synchronic production and consumption. Because of this characteristic service providers role is very important to the satisfaction of consumer, as many times he is supposed to be himself the company in the eyes of customer (Berry, 1980).For this reason the importance of service provider is an integral part of the satisfaction gained by the consumer. The behaviour of the service provider is also important for the experience that the customer has for the provided service .So, great importance must be given to the training and rewarding of the staff and its plectron (Aijo,1996).Another element that is connected to inseparability is the fact that the customer may experience the service in combination with other customers because of the nature of the service and the place it is offered. At this case marketing managers should take i nto consideration the role of customer interactions between them, but also the inter customer conflicts and nuisance (Barron et al., 1996).2.6.1.4 Perishability strange the physical goods, services cant be stored in order to be used in the future or at peak times. So service providers should take into consideration the combination of demand and supply and use methods such as multi-skilling of the staff in order to be used at peak seasons or part time employees, supply flexibility, derivative instrument pricing and reservation system in order to minimize time waiting (Jobber, 2004).Today one of the greater challenges that the sector of services has to face is the increasing competition in combination with the growing expectations of customers and the developing demands of customers as service improves (Joseph Walker, 1988).2.6.2 SERVICE MARKETING MIXModels had to explain the relationship between the market and the organisation in order to maximize the seconds performance (Gronrooss C, 1982).To certain extent managing services are more complicated than managing products, as products can be standardised. The standardisation of a service is far more difficult as there are more input factors i.e. process, people, physical manifest, to manage than with a product.The service marketing mix consists of the 7Ps model. These include except from the unsullied 4 Ps that stands for Product, Price, Place, Promotion, three more Ps which are People, passage and Physical evidence.2.6.2.1 PeoplePeople participate and deliver the service experience, the might and effectiveness, the availability and capability, the customer interaction and the internal marketing.Any provision of service includes as an essential part the use of appropriate staff and people. In order to gain an organisation competitive advantage it is important that it recruits the right staff that is well trained in the bringing of service. Usually consumers perceptions and judgements are affected by the emp loyees they interact with. Consumers wait from the staff to have the appropriate attitude, service knowledge and interpersonal skills that they are paying for. So many organisations train their staff to certain standards.Physical EvidencePhysical evidence concerns the place where the service is delivered, infrastructure, facilities, surroundings, essential evidence and peripheral evidence ,equipment and premises. It is an element of the service mix that contributes to the formation of the opinion of the consumer about the organization .So the judgments and the perceptions of the consumers are formed by the sight of the service provision .For example if you paseo in an office you expect a friendly environment cracking and tie.ProcessThe systems used to assist the organisation in delivering the service, constitute the process. So process refers to the operating process that takes the customer through ,from the initial contact till the service experience and evaluation , database man agement, service delivery, queuing systems, ordering ,standardization .The customer usually expects efficiency and quickness at the process of the service delivery and this fosters consumers loyalty and confidence in the organization.2.6.3 QualityQuality is important to business organisations and their consumers, because quality products or services can and will secure consumers business. In addition, linking quality with expensive spending is not absolute, as price will not determine always quality. The high or low quality of a product or service is usually determined, by how it make the consumer feel and whether consumer expectations were satisfied or exceeded (Kotler P. et al, 2008).Quality was very popular in the marketing literature, where the notion of satisfying the customer was a dominant model of quality of service provided and consumer satisfaction (Raftopoulos V., 2005).The US Strategic Planning prove in 1972 developed the concept of relative perceived quality (RPQ), t hat is the perception of quality as defined by customers, relative to the offerings of competitors. In other words quality is what a customer perceives it to be and this is a alive(p) and complex notion. 2.6.3.1 Public service qualityThe need for quality public services is also expressed by the European Commission through the European Social Fund in its program for 2007-2013.The reason is that the quality of public services affects the implementation of policies and the strategy design as public sector organizations are responsible for them at a big degree at the Member States ,e.g. government ministries , local authority departments and special agencies (ESF,2009).The fact of how important is the quality of public services and the need to be improved,became popular, in Britain, at 1990s when the Government gave clear on the subject, by the proposal of marriage of the Conservative Prime Minister John Major enclosed in his Citizens Charter White Paper (Prime Minister, 1991).The iss ue faced great consensus from the political parties as the same year both Liberal and Labour parties published their own citizen charter proposals. The citizen driven improvement of the quality of public services was a fact (Black et al., 1994).This policy which faced the citizen as user and needed the reporting of performance from the service providers was continued for a long period it was enriched with best value new policies and was popular as.According to this concept public services is better to be managed than administrated (Black et al.,2001).At the same time another reason that public service quality is important is that the needs and expectations of the users change and increase.Service quality and how to measure it developed to be a critical issue ,so during the 1990s performance measurement techniques developed as a result of such as government legislation ,regulatory activity by industry keepers and major policy initiatives, as Black St. et al. , characterize them, and not as a result of the needs of the service provider.Meanwhile , all the efforts of understanding and touchstone public service quality where characterized as weak and an increasing interest for quality improvement models techniques , certification and awards developed .So a number of new significances appeared such as total quality management and continuous improvement, process mapping techniques, Institution Standards and Charters.The revolution of the commercial service sector that took place the previous decades influenced also public sector organizations that faced the need to provide quality services that meet customer needs and expectations.As Wisniewski remarks, (Wisniewski, 2001). The notion of treating the customers has started to change as they dont receive passively uniform services without their vocalise or influence being considered (Skelcher, 1992). At the opposite side, the adoption of handed-down methods may lead to the delivery of a service distant from custome r needs.So organizations many times, after a more profound search, fall that the needs and values of customers are different from what they assume before searching (Farquhar C.R. ,1993).In order to discover customer perceptions and collect data concerning the attitudes o

Essay on Deception in Shakespeares King Lear -- King Lear essays

deceitfulness in power Lear   In King Lear, the records rat one some some other constantly. Most of them deliberately misrepresent themselves, but others atomic number 18 naturally problematical to fancy. Some are trying to gain power while others are protecting themselves. There is an extreme contrast among reality and what severally(prenominal) character appears to be to the other characters. This quality rough the characters fuels the plot, bringing it to its supreme end.   The Fool is ironically different from his title. While the physiognomy is commonly an idiot, Lears realise seems to understand the political situation better that the queen himself. His jokes and songs seem to be aimed at teaching Lear approximately the errors he has make rather than at making him laugh. He states in song that possibly Kent and the king could gravel over his job, since they are behaving as better fools than he. He admonishes Lear for being gray-headed in the lea d he became wise. The Fool dis runaways a lately understanding of corruption. His lecturing on the night to cool a courtesan depicts priests that do not take over their own sermons and nobles who wait on their servants. sooner unlike a fool, the Fool understands the complexity of the politics going on in the play.   When Kent is in disguise, it is only his physical appearance that is false. Unlike the other characters who wear disguises, he does not change his actions to deceive Lear. Just as he was before Lear banished him, Kent is a loyal servant. Disguised as Caius, he is willing to follow the king through his ordeal. Kent remains a devoted(p) servant, despite his apparel. It seems to Lear that Kent is asleep(p) and he has a new confidant. However, the reality is that Kent never really left over(p) him.   The main conflict of King ... ...enly force. Gloucester believes that Edgar is a nestling instead of execrable Tom who led him to the cliff. Directly before th e battle, Edgar gives Gonerils permitter to Albany to preserve him from her deceit. Edgar only reveals himself at the very end. He has fagged the majority of the play pretending to be someone else.   Each of the characters appears to be something else. If all of the sisters had told the truth, thence the play could not progress, so there is something that each main character moldiness figure out. Lear must learn of the authentic nature of his daughters and that a good king will not let his people get to terrible living conditions when he has superb ones. Gloucester must learn about loyalty, and Edgar must discover his brothers deceptions. Once the characters have recognise something that they did not understand before, the tragedy of King Lear is complete. Essay on Deception in Shakespeares King Lear -- King Lear essays Deception in King Lear   In King Lear, the characters deceive one another constantly. Most of them deliberately misrepresent themselv es, but others are naturally difficult to understand. Some are trying to gain power while others are protecting themselves. There is an extreme contrast between reality and what each character appears to be to the other characters. This quality about the characters fuels the plot, bringing it to its ultimate end.   The Fool is ironically different from his title. While the fool is commonly an idiot, Lears fool seems to understand the political situation better that the king himself. His jokes and songs seem to be aimed at teaching Lear about the errors he has made rather than at making him laugh. He states in song that perhaps Kent and the king could take over his job, since they are behaving as better fools than he. He admonishes Lear for being old before he became wise. The Fool displays a deep understanding of corruption. His speech on the night to cool a courtesan depicts priests that do not follow their own sermons and nobles who wait on their servants. Quite unlike a fool , the Fool understands the complexity of the politics going on in the play.   When Kent is in disguise, it is only his physical appearance that is false. Unlike the other characters who wear disguises, he does not change his actions to deceive Lear. Just as he was before Lear banished him, Kent is a loyal servant. Disguised as Caius, he is willing to follow the king through his ordeal. Kent remains a devoted servant, despite his apparel. It seems to Lear that Kent is gone and he has a new confidant. However, the reality is that Kent never really left him.   The main conflict of King ... ...enly force. Gloucester believes that Edgar is a peasant instead of Poor Tom who led him to the cliff. Directly before the battle, Edgar gives Gonerils letter to Albany to save him from her deceit. Edgar only reveals himself at the very end. He has spent the majority of the play pretending to be someone else.   Each of the characters appears to be something else. If all of the siste rs had told the truth, then the play could not progress, so there is something that each main character must figure out. Lear must learn of the true nature of his daughters and that a good king will not let his people have terrible living conditions when he has superb ones. Gloucester must learn about loyalty, and Edgar must discover his brothers deceptions. Once the characters have recognised something that they did not understand before, the tragedy of King Lear is complete.