Sample Apa Research Paper

Sample APA Research reputation Sample Title Page Place manuscript varlet headers genius-half inch from the top. Put five spaces mingled with the page header and the page payoff. course on vacate 1 Full title, roots, and school give ear atomic number 18 centered on the page, typed in uppercase and dismantlecase. foot race on put down The returns of Food Deprivation on Concentration and continuity doubting Thomas Delancy and Adam Solberg Dordt College 34 Sample Abstract Running on Empty Abstract This see examined the perfumes of short provender need on two The abstract summarizes the problem, instrumentalists, hypotheses, methods use, results, and conclusions. cognitive abilities soaking up and sedulousness. Undergraduate students (N-51) were era- well-tried on both a concentration occupation and a perseverance confinement subsequently one of third levels of nourishment deficiency none, 12 hours, or 24 hours. We predicted that nutriment exit would blow b oth concentration slews and perseverance clip. Food release had no significant effect on concentration scores, which is consistent with recent search on the cause of nourishment deprivation (Green et al. , 1995 Green et al. , 1997).However, histrions in the 12-hour deprivation assort fatigued importantly less epoch on the perseverance task than t hosepipe in both the discoer and 24-hour deprivation chemical groups, suggesting that short-term deprivation whitethorn tinct close to aspects of cognition and non oppositewises. An APA Research Paper Model Thomas Delancy and Adam Solberg wrote the following research paper for a psychology class. As you review their paper, read the side notes and examine the following ? The use and corroboration of their numerous sources. ? The background they provide before getting into their own landing field results. The scientific language used when reporting their results. Center the title one inch from the top. Double-space through out. Running on Empty Running on Empty The Effects of Food Deprivation on Concentration and perseverance 3 Many things interrupt slews ability to cogitate on a task distractions, headaches, noisy environments, and even psychological derangements. To more or less extent, mint can control the environmental factors that make it difficult to concentre. However, what roughly internal factors, such as an empty stomach?Can volume increase their ability to focus simply by feeding on a regular basis? One conjecture that prompted research on how viands intake affects the middling person was the glucostatic theory. Several researchers in the 1940s and 1950s suggested that the brain regulates food intake in order to maintain a blood-glucose fate refer. The bringing close together was that people become hungry when their blood-glucose levels drop significantly below their set file and that they become satisfied later on eating, when their blood-glucose levels re cycle to that s et point.This theory seemed logical because glucose is the brains primary fuel (Pinel, 2000). The earliest probe of the general effects of food deprivation order that long-term food deprivation (36 hours and longer) was associated with sluggishness, embossment, irritability, reduced heart rate, and inability to concentrate (Keys, Brozek, The introduction states the effect and the main questions to be explored. The researchers supply background learning by discussing gone research on the topic. Extensive referencing establishes support for the discussion.Henschel, Mickelsen, & Taylor, 1950). other(prenominal) instruction plant that continence for several days produced muscular weakness, irritability, and apathy or depression (Kollar, Slater, Palmer, Docter, & Mandell, 1964). Since that time, research has focused mainly on how nutrition affects cognition. However, as Green, Elliman, and Rogers (1995) point out, the effects of food deprivation on cognition contrive authori zed comparatively less attention in recent years. Running on Empty The relatively sparse research on food deprivation has left room for 4 urther research. First, much of the research has focused every on chronic The researchers explain how their watch will add to last(prenominal) research on the topic. starvation at one end of the continuum or on missing a single meal at the other end (Green et al. , 1995). Second, some of the findings have been contradictory. One study prepare that skipping breakfast impairs certain aspects of cognition, such as problem- firmness of purpose abilities (Pollitt, Lewis, Garza, & Shulman, 1983). However, other research by M. W. Green, N. A. Elliman, and P. J.Rogers (1995, 1997) has ground that food deprivation ranging from missing a single meal to 24 hours without eating does not significantly impair cognition. Third, not altogether groups of people have been sufficiently examine. Studies have been done on 911 year-olds (Pollitt et Clear transiti ons guide readers through the researchers reasoning. al. , 1983), obese subjects (Crumpton, Wine, & Drenick, 1966), college-age men and women (Green et al. , 1995, 1996, 1997), and middle-age males (Kollar et al. , 1964). Fourth, not all cognitive aspects have been studied.In 1995 Green, Elliman, and Rogers studied sustained attention, simple reaction time, and present(prenominal) memory in 1996 they studied attentional bias and in 1997 they studied simple reaction time, two-finger tapping, recognition memory, and free recall. In 1983, another study focused on reaction time and verity, intelligence quotient, and problem solving (Pollitt et al. ). According to some researchers, most of the results so far indicate that cognitive function is not affected significantly by short-term fasting (Green et al. , 1995, p. 246).However, this conclusion seems premature due to the relative lack of research on cognitive functions such as concentration and The researchers support their decision t o focus on concentration and perseverance. perseverance. To date, no study has well-tried perseverance, despite its enormousness in cognitive functioning. In fact, perseverance may be a recrudesce indicator than achievement tests in assessing growth in skill and thinking abilities, as perseverance helps in solving complex problems (Costa, 1984). another(prenominal) study to a fault recognized that perseverance, better learning techniques, and effort are cognitions worth studying (DAgostino, 1996).Testing as many aspects of cognition as affirmable is key because the nature of the task is important when interpreting the link surrounded by food deprivation and cognitive causeance (Smith & Kendrick, 1992). Running on Empty The researchers state their initial hypotheses. 5 Therefore, the current study helps us pick up how short-term food deprivation affects concentration on and perseverance with a difficult task. Specifically, role players deprived of food for 24 hours were expe cted to perform worse on a concentration test and a perseverance task than those deprived for 12 hours, who in turn were predicted to perform worse than hose who were not deprived of food. Method Headings and subheadings show the papers organization. Participants Participants include 51 undergraduate-student volunteers (32 females, 19 males), some of whom received a small arrive of extra credit in a college course. The mean college grade point clean (GPA) was 3. 19. Potential players were excluded if they were dieting, menstruating, or pickings special medication. Those who were struggling with or had The experiments method is described, using the terms and acronyms of the discipline. truggled with an eating disorder were excluded, as were potential participants addicted to nicotine or caffeine. Materials Concentration speed and accuracy were measured using an online poesy-matching test (www. psychtests. com/tests/iq/concentration. html) that consisted of 26 lines of 25 numbers to all(prenominal) one(prenominal). In 6 transactions, participants were required to find pairs of numbers in each line that added up to 10. Scores were calculated as the percentage of in good order identified pairs out of Passive voice is used to emphasize the experiment, not the researchers otherwise, active voice is used. a practicable 120.Perseverance was measured with a incur that contained five octagonseach of which included a stencil of a specialised object (such as an animal or a flower). The octagons were to be laid on top of each other in a peculiar(prenominal) way to make the silhouette of a rabbit. However, three of the shapes were slightly change so that the task was im viable. Perseverance scores were calculated as the number of minutes that a participant spent on the puzzle task before giving up. Procedure At an initial meeting, participants gave informed consent. separately consent form contained an assigned identification number and requested the particip ants GPA.Students were then informed that they would be notified by e-mail and mobilize about their assignment to one of the Running on Empty three experimental groups. Next, students were given an instruction The experiment is laid out beat by step, with time transitions like then and next. 6 sheet. These create verbally instructions, which we also read aloud, explained the experimental coachs, clarified guidelines for the food deprivation period, and specified the time and location of examination. Participants were randomly assigned to one of these conditions using a matched-triplets function based on the GPAs collected at the initial meeting.This design was used to control individual differences in cognitive ability. Two days later the initial meeting, participants were informed of their group assignment and its condition and reminded that, if they were in a food-deprived group, they should not eat anything later on 10 a. m. the next day. Participants from the control gro up were tested at 730 p. m. in a designated entropy processor lab on the day the deprivation started. Those in the 12-hour group were tested at 10 p. m. on that same day. Those in the 24-hour group were tested at 1040 a. m. on the following day.At their assigned time, participants arrived at a computer lab for testing. Each participant was given written testing instructions, which were also read aloud. The online concentration test had already tending is shown to the control features. been loaded on the computers for participants before they arrived for testing, so shortly after they arrived they proceeded to get by the test. Immediately after all participants had correct the test and their scores were recorded, participants were each given the silhouette puzzle and instructed how to proceed.In addition, they were told that (1) they would have an unlimited measuring rod of time to complete the task, and (2) they were not to tell any other participant whether they had completed the puzzle or simply given up. This procedure was followed to hold open the group influence of some participants seeing others give up. Any participant still functional on the puzzle after 40 minutes was stopped to keep the time of the study manageable. Immediately after each participant stopped working on the puzzle, he/she gave demographic information and completed a few manipulation-check items. We then debriefed and dismissed each participant outside of the lab.Running on Empty Results The writers summarize their findings, including problems encountered. 7 Perseverance data from one control-group participant were eliminated because she had to leave the session early. Concentration data from another control-group participant were dropped because he did not complete the test correctly. Three manipulation-check questions indicated that each participant correctly perceived his or her deprivation condition and had followed the rules for it. The average concentration score was 77. 78 (SD = 14. 21), which was very good considering that anything over 50 percent is labeled good or above average. The average time spent on the puzzle was 24. 00 minutes (SD = 10. 16), with a maximum of 40 minutes allowed. We predicted that participants in the 24-hour deprivation group would perform worse on the concentration test and the perseverance task than those in the 12-hour group, who in turn would perform worse than those in the control group. A one-way outline of variance (ANOVA) showed no significant effect of deprivation condition on concentration, F(2,46) = 1. 06, p = . 36 (see depict 1). Another one-way ANOVA indicated Figure 1. 100 See Figure 1 sends readers to a figure (graph, photograph, chart, or drawing) contained in the paper.All figures and illustrations (other than tables) are numbered in the order that they are first mentioned in the text. Mean score on concentration test 90 80 70 60 50 No deprivation 12-hour deprivation 24-hour deprivation Deprivation Condi tion The researchers restate their hypotheses and the results, and go on to interpret those results. Running on Empty a significant effect of deprivation condition on perseverance time, F(2,47) = 7. 41, p . 05. Post-hoc Tukey tests indicated that the 12-hour deprivation group (M = 17. 79, SD = 7. 84) spent significantly less time on the perseverance task than either the control group (M = 26. 0, SD = 6. 20) or the 24-hour group (M = 28. 75, SD = 12. 11), with no significant difference between the latter(prenominal) two groups (see Figure 2). No significant effect was found for gender either generally or with specific deprivation conditions, Fs 1. 00. Unexpectedly, food deprivation had no significant effect on concentration scores. Overall, we found support for our hypothesis that 12 hours of food deprivation would significantly impair perseverance when compared to no deprivation. Unexpectedly, 24 hours 8 of food deprivation did not significantly affect perseverance relative to the control group.Also unexpectedly, food deprivation did not significantly affect concentration scores. Figure 2. 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 No deprivation 12-hour deprivation 24-hour deprivation Mean score on perseverance test Deprivation Condition Discussion The purpose of this study was to test how different levels of food deprivation affect concentration on and perseverance with difficult tasks. Running on Empty they would score on the concentration task, and the less time they would spend on the perseverance task. In this study, those deprived of food did 9 We predicted that the longer people had been deprived of food, the lower ive up more promptly on the puzzle, but only in the 12-hour group. Thus, the hypothesis was partially support for the perseverance task. However, concentration was found to be unaffected by food deprivation, and thus the hypothesis was not supported for that task. The findings of this study are consistent with those of Green et al. The wr iters speculate on possible explanations for the unexpected results. (1995), where short-term food deprivation did not affect some aspects of cognition, including attentional focus. Taken together, these findings suggest that concentration is not significantly impair by short-term food deprivation.The findings on perseverance, however, are not as easily explained. We surmise that the participants in the 12-hour group gave up more quickly on the perseverance task because of their hunger produced by the food deprivation. scarce why, then, did those in the 24-hour group fail to yield the same effect? We choose that this result can be explained by the concept of learned industriousness, wherein participants who perform one difficult task do better on a subsequent task than the participants who never took the initial task (Eisenberger & Leonard, 1980 Hickman, Stromme, & Lippman, 1998).Because participants had successfully completed 24 hours of fasting already, their tendency to persev ere had already been increased, if only temporarily. Another possible explanation is that the motivational state of a participant may be a significant determinant of behavior under testing (Saugstad, 1967). This idea may also explain the short perseverance measure in the 12-hour group because these participants took the tests at 10 p. m. , a prime time of the night for conducting business and socializing on a college campus, they may have been less motivated to take the time to work on the puzzle.Research on food deprivation and cognition could continue in several directions. First, other aspects of cognition may be affected by short-term food deprivation, such as reading comprehension or motivation. With respect to this latter topic, some students in this study reported decreased motivation to complete the tasks because of a desire to eat immediately Running on Empty took the tests may have influenced the results those in the 24-hour 10 after the testing.In addition, the time of d ay when the respective groups group took the tests in the morning and may have been unspoiled and more relaxed than those in the 12-hour group, who took the tests at night. Perhaps, then, the motivation level of food-deprived participants could be effectively tested. Second, longer-term food deprivation periods, such as those experienced by people fasting for religious reasons, could be explored. It is possible that cognitive function fluctuates over the duration of deprivation. Studies could ask how long a person can preserve focused despite a lack of nutrition.Third, and perhaps most fascinating, studies could explore how food deprivation affects learned industriousness. As stated above, one possible explanation for the better perseverance times in the 24-hour group could be that they spontaneously improved their perseverance faculties by simply forcing themselves not to eat for 24 hours. Therefore, research could study how food deprivation affects the acquisition of perseveran ce. In conclusion, the results of this study provide some fascinating The conclusion summarizes the outcomes, stresses the experiments value, and anticipates further advances on the topic. nsights into the cognitive and physiological effects of skipping meals. Contrary to what we predicted, a person may indeed be very capable of concentrating after not eating for many hours. On the other hand, if one is taking a long test or working long hours at a tedious task that requires perseverance, one may be hindered by not eating for a short time, as shown by the 12-hour groups functioning on the perseverance task. Many peoplestudents, working mothers, and those interested in fasting, to mention a fewhave to deal with short-term food deprivation, intentional or unintentional.This research and other research to follow will contribute to knowledge of the disadvantagesand possible advantagesof skipping meals. The mixed results of this study suggest that we have much more to learn about short- term food deprivation. Running on Empty References All works referred to in the paper appear on the reference page, listed alphabetically by author (or title). 11 Costa, A. L. (1984). Thinking How do we know students are getting better at it? Roeper Review, 6, 197199. Crumpton, E. , Wine, D. B. , & Drenick, E. J. (1966). Starvation Stress or satisfaction?Journal of the American Medical Association, 196, 394396. DAgostino, C. A. F. (1996). Testing a social-cognitive model of achievement motivation. -Dissertation Abstracts world(prenominal) Section A Humanities & Social Sciences, 57, 1985. Eisenberger, R. , & Leonard, J. M. (1980). Effects of conceptual task Each entry follows APA guidelines for listing authors, dates, titles, and publishing information. difficulty on conclude persistence. American Journal of Psychology, 93, 285298. Green, M. W. , Elliman, N. A. , & Rogers, P. J. (1995). Lack of effect of short-term fasting on cognitive function.Journal of Psychiatric Research, 29, 245253. Green, M. W. , Elliman, N. A. , & Rogers, P. J. (1996). Hunger, caloric preloading, and the selective processing of food and consistency shape words. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 35, 143151. Green, M. W. , Elliman, N. A. , & Rogers, P. J. (1997). The study effects of food deprivation and incentive motivation on blood glucose levels and cognitive function. Psychopharmacology, 134, 8894. Hickman, K. L. , Stromme, C. , & Lippman, L. G. (1998). Learned Capitalization, punctuation, and hanging indentation are consistent with APA format. ndustriousness Replication in principle. 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P. , Kendrick, A. M. , & Maben, A. L. (1992). Effects of breakfast and caffeine on performance and mood in the late morning and after lunch. Neuropsychobiology, 26, 198204.