Lack of Closure in Samuel Becketts Waiting for Godot Essay -- Theater

Closure is a very important formulation of a narrative. Closure or the neglect of it accomplishes the goal of a creating a text which commentators would want to continue tuition to find out the ending, it helps to lean the reader on. The term closure according to Abbott is best understood as something we look for in narrative, as desire that authors understand and often drip art to satisfy or frustrate (Abbott, 57).In the chance Waiting for Godot, the lack of closure is very evident throughout it. This play significantly follows the hermeneutic code, the level of questions or answers. This code has allowed for the author to grasp the attention of the readers, due(p) to the reason people like to find and understand closures, but withal allowing the author to non give a closure. Moreover, the type of play, which is an absurdist, is an important composition of the reason behind this play lacking a closure. The definition of absurdist is A writer, performer, etc., whose work p resents an audience or readership with absurdities, typically in portraying the futility of mankind struggle in a senseless and inexplicable world esp. a writer or prop superstarnt of absurdist drama (OED). The absurdist genre allows for the play to not directly answer the questions, but to leave it open so that the reader can interpret the actions to their liking, just as they would interpret situations in really life, where no events are written in stone. The dialogues and the whole picture of the play allows for easy examination as to how the above claims work out. Using the hermeneutic code, and the absurdist genre, along with a lack of closure, the author has written Waiting For Godot a play written to make the audience think.In the book The Cambridge demonstration to Narrative, H... ...ith the lack of closure the author has paved many paths, making one unable to give a proper retelling of the play due to dissimilar interpretations. The play has also slyly inserted a ph ilosophy on charitable life, the uncertainty and how it is a major part of human life is portray through this play. All these characteristic together make this play a very good play, it makes one want to live forever as to see what future generations would interpret the play as. In conclusion, this text is written to make the readers think and participate as active members in the reading of the play.Works CitedAbbott, H. Porter. The Cambridge Introduction to Narrative, Waiting for Godot Cambridge University Press 2 edition, April 7, 2008Beckett, Samuel. Waiting For Godot. third ed. N.p. CPI Group, 2006. Print. Vol. 1 of Samuel Beckett The Complete Dramatic Works. 4 vols

Think Before Speaking Essays -- George Orwell, Animal Farm

The author George Orwell earned a reputation for stand apart and fashioning a virtue of his detachment. In 1948, he created an word-painting of communist Russia in the form of animals. Orwells book, savage Farm, depicts this huge allegory. Animal Farm tells the story of a farmer overthrown by his animals who then suck up over the farm. The animals want an anti-human-like association with equality for all. When the pigs become more(prenominal) and more like humans with a social hierarchy, the farms society is destroyed. The ignorance of other animals leads to the pigs oppressing others. The author Will Rogers once stated, When ignorance gets started it has no bounds. The ignorance of a horse, a donkey, and the sheep play an enormous part in their suppression by the pigs in Animal Farm.When a horse named Benjamin becomes unaware of actions going on on the farm he tends to lean on the leader catnaps opinions for support. After the animals were slaughtered, Boxer said, I do n ot hear it. I would have believed that such things could happen on our farm. It must be due to some fault in ourselves. The solution, as I experience it, is to work harder. (Orwell 85). By ignoring the fact that many of his fellow animals were harmed, Boxer is exhibit that he does not understand the reason of the slaughtering. The real reason for the animals universe killed is because of them opposing the pigs. The pigs could simply execute additional animals for a second prison term without Boxer and other animals not knowing the motive. A different date Boxer shows that he lacks knowledge is when he exclusively takes short sleeps opinion as an answer to difficult questions. Boxer states, If Comrade Napoleon says it, it must be right. (Orwell 56). This is Boxers response towards eliminating ... ...en interrupted the run into with this. It was noticed that they were especially liable to break into four legs good, two legs boastful at crucial moments in Snowballs speeches ( Orwell 47, 48). The sheeps only saying to support their opinion was Four legs good, two legs bad. Rather than, making speeches and creating debates the sheep only yelped one saying in their support.Bottom line- ignorance leads to burdensomeness. Why is this great? By using Animal Farm to represent communist Russia Orwell showed that ignorance and oppression are still present in the modern world. Boxers, the hens, and the sheeps lack of knowledge is still present today. To stop oppression with ignorance all should think before they act or speak. Oppression through with(predicate) Ignorance can be stopped if all notice how much creator they have in their hands. Works CitedOrwell, George Animal Farm

Complete Case: Amgen Whistleblowing Essay

put down and write up an executive summary on the case, including answers to the following questions. 1. How did Amgens un ethical behavior contribute to the problems with Medicaid kickbacks? 2. Why does the public consider this dirt to have an unethical dilemma? 3. Explain what is meant by whistleblowing?Include your opinions and pose every gaps between public expectations of ethical standards and universal professional codes of ethical standards. Case Amgen Whistleblowing CaseAmgen, a Thousand Oaks, Californiabased smart set, had the mucilaginous task of dealing with grammatical cases filed by 15 states in 2009 alleging a Medicaid kickback scheme.1 To entertain matters worse, two additional whistleblowing lawsuits were filed against the company in Ventura County. The complaints, which dont reckon related to the fraud alleged by the group of states, were brought by origin employees who said they had uncovered wrongdoing at the biotech giant and were terminated after(preno minal) they raised red flags to superiors. One employee alleged the company violated federal law by under- chronicleing complaints and problems with the companys drugs after they hit the market. The facts of that lawsuit are described below.Former Amgen employee Shawn OBrien sued Amgen for wrongful termination on October 9, 2009, alleging he was laid off in October 2007 in retaliation for fostering concerns about how the company reported complaints and problems with drugs already on the market. OBrien carryed as a senior project manager for Amgens Ongoing pitch Program, according to the lawsuit filed in Ventura County Superior Court. His job was to improve Amgens compliance processes with high inherent risk to public safety, major malefactor and civil liability, or both, according to the lawsuit. The lawsuit alleged that in April 2007, Amgens board of directors flagged the companys process for dealing with post-market complaints about drugs as a potential problem.Federal law re quires drug companies to track and report to the Food and Drug Administration any problems with their drugs after they hit the market. In June 2007, OBrien was put on the case. He soon uncovered facts that Amgen was non adequately and consistently identifying phone calls or mail related to post-marketing inauspicious events of product complaints. That year, OBrien warned the company about the seriousness of the issues but, he claims, the company would not take any action or offer any support. In August 2007, OBrien took his complaint to a senior executive/corporate officer (unnamed) and warned that Amgens process for dealing with post-market problems wasnt adequate.In early September of 2007, OBriens managers instructed him to stop all work and not discuss the issues any further with anyone. Approximately four weeks later(prenominal) he was informed that he was being terminated as disrupt of Amgens October 12, 2007, reduction in the work force.

Application to Clinical Psychology Paper Essay

Introduction DemeScience with all its marvels and wonders continues to press forward making pyrotechnic break finisheds. Psychology satisfys a key role in many of sciences steps forward, each branch of psychological science focusing on a specific techniques and theories. In the document the center of attention is surrounding the application of clinical psychology, this branch of psychology is unique as it all realms of an individuals issue. Specifically speaking, anguish is the psychological disorder that is under review through the processes of a clinical psychologist, therefore concent shop ating on the biological, psychological and companionable factors of the disorder. discussion of what r come forwardes of handling is best for this particular disorder, what outside sources (friends, family , and co-workers) might be touch on in the treatment plan, and how would this plan be presented to individual. All of these explorations and others will be answered as we journey int o the application of a clinical psychologist such(prenominal) as the facial expression of teensy-weensy Albert.Brief Overview of brusk Albert PatriciaThe brass of little Albert was an test that was conducted by behaviorist John B. Watson who carried one of the most influential psychology studies out in 1920, which is also known as the Father of Behaviorism. The pocketable Albert experiment was also conducted by a graduate student Rosalie Rayner, who accompany John B. Watson during the demonstration, which took place around Little Albert ninth month of growth. During the case of Little Albert, Watson, and Rayner often expose the boor to several series of various(a) stimuli to represent the reaction of the child. In the experiment, Watson and Rayner would bring out different designs toward Albert to leave if he would have any anxiety toward a white rat (Meyer, Chapman, & angstrom unitere Weaver, 2009). Although, Watson, and Rayner were both(prenominal) interested in the study of Little Albert, they both were reward a grant to study reflexes, and instinct in infants. During Watsons experiment, he exposed Little Albert to white lab rat to see if the child would react to the lab rat in business.The next clipping Albert was exposed to the rat, Watson made distressing cheapjack noise while hit a steal bar with a hammer creating how emotional solvent could be conditioned or l headned. At depression repartee the child seem to stimulate frighten by the loud noise, however, at endorse response the child began to holler after repeatedly hearing the loud noise (Meyer, Chapman, & Weaver, 2009). While the experiment took place, Little Albert was soon introduced to a white rat combine with a series of other stimuli, which take on a rabbit, burning news paper, and a mask. During this process of experimentation, every epoch Little Albert was shown the white rat pairing with the loud noise, he would pop out to cry. The instant the rat was shown to Albert the second or third time, he would began to cry at the sight of the rat alone. Watson wanted to determine if Little Albert would become fearful as a loud sound of the hammer would get to a distressing noise near the child that present how unmingled conditioning gouge be use to condition, and emotional response (Meyer, Chapman, & Weaver, 2009).However, Albert fear of the white rat was non the only(prenominal) conditioning, but he was introduce to a wide variety of similar objects as well, such as a white rabbit, Raynors furry white coat, and a mask that symbolize Santas white beard. Watson had conditioned a fear response in Little Albert during this process to see if the same response of fear would transfer to other objects. During his experiment, Watson discover that Little Albert f ear did in fact extend to other furry animals, and objects, however, before Watson could pick out any of signs of phobia, Alberts father remove him from the hospital (Meyer, Chapman , & Weaver, 2009).Biological, Psychological, and friendly Factors KimberlyAccording to most research that has been done on the case of Little Albert, it does not seem that in that location are many biological factors that match the case. According to Web MD (2012), a mental illness campaignd by a biological factor includes an abnormal balance of special chemicals in the brain called neurotransmitters. It clear also be genetics, brain defects, or correct prenatal damage (2012). Little Albert seemed to be normal in that nose out to most. However, evidence collected by several researchers say that Little Albert was not a healthy and normal infant as Watson had described (Beck, Fridlund, Goldie, Irons, 2012). abstract of the film of little Albert suggests that Little Albert had substantial behavioral and neurological deficits (2012). It was suggested that in these films Little Alberts unresponsive nature was like that of severely mentally challenged child (2012). So whil e some may think biological factors compete no part, they actually may have.Psychological factors play a huge role in the case of Little Albert. Psychological factors can include psychological trauma suffered as a child, such as emotional, physical or sexual abuse (WebMD, 2012). While Little Albert was not physically or sexually abused, he was in a gumption emotionally abused. He was purposely conditioned to be scared of first a noise and and so of a rat and the noise. Anytime he byword a rat or anything that resembled a furry object he was scared. He was taken a look from the hospital before the conditioning could be reversed. This is something that was a trauma to him and therefore the reason why psychological factors play a huge role in his case.Social factors also played a role in the case of Little Albert. The main social factor that sticks out in this case is that of family. Little Alberts mother allowed him to be in the hospital and have these experiments to take place. Wi th that being said, she is at fault for Little Albert having the phobia that he did. His mother also took him from the hospital before there was any chance to remove the phobia (Meyer, 2009). incumbrance of Little Albert JefferySince there is no evidence of any biological factors that were unmingled in the case of Little Albert, then there is no way to implement any biological interjections for him. But we can see that psychological factors played a significant role in his anxiety and as such Cognitive Behavioral Treatment could be effective in helping him get well his disorder. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) of various Anxiety disorders is establish on the presumption that the disorder is a result of constant perceptions that there is a need to be afraid of a particular object or item, which then results in the an increase in maladaptive and general interactions among cognitive, behavioral, and physiological response systems. Maladaptive cognitive responses include a pre -attentive curve to threat cues (Mathews, 1990), negatively valenced images and worrisome thinking (Borkovec & Inz, 1990), and cognitive evasion of some aspects of anxious experience (Borkovec, Shadick, & Hopkins, 1991). Maladaptive behavioral responses include subtle behavioral avoidance (Butler, Fennel, Robson, & Gelder, 1991) and slowed decision-making (Metzger et al., 1990).In the case of Little Albert he was definitely conditioned to be afraid of rats and certain noises which then led to fear and anxiety over anything that reminded of these objects. In treating a individual for anxiety the therapist would build a relationship with the patient thus instilling trust and alleviating a certain amount of fear and anxiety at the beginning. As this trust increases the therapist would teach the patient to the intellect of self awareness, where the client begins to realize subtle changes in their anxiety levels and recognize what is inductanceing this anxiety. Such things as poor thinking, external cues, physiological activity, and then as they recognize these cues implement newly catch outed intervention techniques to help start out their anxiety levels. This form of treatment then focuses on both the psychological and social factors that the individual must learn to deal with. Since it was the mother that was liable for these tests being done on Little Albert and then pulling him out of treatment before any therapy to correct the anxiety was able to be performed, Family Systems intervention could also be beneficial to helping them deal with his anxieties.This systems intervention approach is different than other approaches in that it includes the family unit in the management and treatment sessions. So in a case such as little Albert, both he and his mother would be in the treatment program. This treatment then helps the individual understand how their disorder is impacting others and helps the family understand what trigger points are and how to recognize them so they can help their loved overcome the disorder. As these sessions continue the past is explored as to what may be the cause of their anxiety and how they have impacted each section of the family and how each family can contribute to helping overcome the disorder. In the case of Little Albert the therapist would help them to focus on the psychological causes and the social causes of this disorder and to learn new thought processes and support systems to correct his way of thinking.Conclusion DemeIn closing, our case study Little Albert who had been subjected to classical conditioning using a stimulus to promote a certain behavior fear and anxiety. In the practice of clinical psychology is imperative to get all parties manifold for successful treatment. The approach of intervention is sensitive and clinical psychologist makes every struggle to move forward with hopes of the case study not relapsing. In the case of treating Little Albert and the treatment for his fears and anxiety through the application of clinical psychology, however, no real conclusion for this case study was ever provided therefore, we can only suggest the steps of the clinical psychologist according to the specific structure for treating individuals.ReferencesCraske, M.G., Barlow, D.H., & OLeary, T. (1992). Mastery of your anxiety and worry. Albany, NY Graywind Publications Incorporated.Fridlund, A.J., Beck, H.P., Goldie, W.D, & Irons, G. (2012, January23). LITTLEALBERT A Neurologically impair Child. History of Psychology. Advanced online publication. doi10.1037/a0026720Goldfried, M.R. & Davison, G.C. (1969). Clinical behavior therapy. peeled York Holt, Rinehart, and Winston Inc.Meyer, R. G., Chapman, L. K., & Weaver, C. M. (2009). Case studies in abnormalbehavior (8thed.). Boston, MA Pearson preparation/Allyn & Bacon.WebMD. (2012). Retrieved from http//www.webmd.com/anxiety-panic/mental-health-causes-mental-illness

Administer Medication to Individuals Essay

This governs the manufacture and supply of medicaments. This collects that the topical anaesthetic pill pusher or dispensing concern is obligated for supplying music. He or she scum bag plainly do this on the know of a ethical drug from an authorised somebody e.g. a restore. t solelyy to the uprightness (The Medicines w sequencer 1968) medicines butt end be stipulation by a third activatey, e.g. a suitably expert dainty croper, to the psyche that they were think for when this is strictly in accord with the directions that the prescriber has break away birthn. The ravish of Drugs Act 1971 and Amendments 1985, 2001 play to a greater extenthandling medicinal medicineThis reckons dangerous or early(a)wise harmful drugs designated as Controlled drugs. (CD) The main purpose of this act is to pr moment the subvert of operate onled drugs. rough CDs ar prescribed drugs utilise to treat severe pain. more or less large tot ab uptake them by taking them when there is no clinical reason. The purpose of the statute hurts on billing homes by requiring special arrangements for storage, judiciary, records and disposal. The misuse of drugs (Safe custody) Amendment dominion 2007 This specifies how guardled drugs argon sto rose-cheeked and is stirred to in the Standards for c atomic number 18 homes. Controlled drugs all-important(a)inessiness be unbroken in a Controlled drugs cabinet that complies with these regularizations. The regulations specify the tincture, construction, method of fixing and affiance and key for the cupboard. The in force(p)r worry of controlled drugs (2006)This specifies how controlled drugs atomic number 18 stored, administered and minded(p) up of. Controlled drugs mustiness(prenominal)(prenominal) be unbroken in a controlled drugs cabinet that complies with these regulations. al-Qurans must be do for exclusively controlled drugs trans deeds. interest berth Regulations 2001Regula tion 13 states that a registered provider must pinnan arrangements for the recording, handling, safekeeping, safe cheek and disposal of medicines received into the c atomic number 18 home. This applies to either medicines including controlled drugs. wellness & gumshoe at turn tail Act 1974To assure safety for all in the work home base your employer must stop up that some(prenominal) unity administering medicine has attended the confiscate tuition. The attempts associated with the handling or authorities of any medicine should be assessed for both staff and patients. Control of Substances groundless to Health Regulations 2002 (COSHH) The law requires employers to control exposure to hazardous fondnesss for both employees and others who whitethorn be capable and to ensure employees and properly in appointed, trained and supervised. C argon Standards Act 2000Regulates and inspects returnss employ by people for grapple servicings, provides guidance and data. The Act, has a major impact on the quality of cargon provided to children and vulnerable adults, and could make the organisation of regulation and inspection of cargon in particular simpler, more transp arent and navigable. any care including that provided by local authorities falls within the stage setting of the Act. Its key provisions are * The creation of a internal Care Standards Commission (NCSC) for England to below return key the regulation of care. * The creation of a General genial Care Council (GSCC) for England and a Care Council for Wales to register well- disposed workers, regulate the training of the genial care workforce and raise standards in social care through the production of codes of conduct and the insisted of a register of social care staff Access to Health Records Act 1990The act defines who nates see medical records. The mortal asshole see his or her feature records, barely no remains else jakes except with the somebodys permission. Thi s allows next of kin and friends.selective pronounceation Protection Act 1998The Act applies to any organisation that keeps personal records on a computer to register as a data exploiter and they must comply with circumstantial regulations. They must be secure, allow the individual to pose advance to their records, record yet pertinent information, only be utilise for its stated purpose. unassured neutralize Regulation 2005Dispensed medical specialty for individual service users every at home or in a care setting stinker be described as household furious or is concealinged by the Hazardous Waste Regulations 2005. These medicines substructure be returned to the dispensing druggist for disposal. However, care situations that provide nursing care non covered by this legislation and must make their hold arrangements for the disposal of unwanted medicine through a licensed beetle suffer through management company. in that respect should be a written insurance pol icy in rove which describes the local procedure for recording of unwanted practice of medicine to be returned to the pharmacist. all medical specialty should be preserve and signed for by the receiving pharmacist and a copy unbroken by the organisation.National Minimum Standards* Standards 9.5 and 20.7 states that controlled drugs should be kept in a designated CD cupboard until staff are trusty for giving them to people. * Standards 9.7 and 20.9 Controlled drugs should be given by care workers who abide been trained and designated to do so. Another trained and designated atom of staff should declare this process. * Standards 9.8 and 20.11 care homes should keep additional records of recognise  pre posturency and disposal of controlled drugs in a register. Working in line with your organisations policies and procedures modify you to work in line with best practice and the law (legislation). on that point must be a policy at your work push through for the receipt, r ecording, storage, handling, brass section and disposal of medicines. Check your policies and procedures file which should list the procedures relating to administration of medical specialty with regards to your job role. 2.1Common side do from medicines totally medicines can electric potentially cause side set up or inauspicious reactions and these can sorb off from person to person. ramp exercises whitethorn be minor or extreme enough to be life threatening. Common side make acknowledge rashes, stiffness, breathing directioning difficulties, shaking, gibbousness, headaches, nausea, somnolence, vomiting, constipation, diarrhoea, weight gain. locating set up can either present as one symptom or as a combination of symptoms. Staff must monitor all medical specialty given and record and obstinate reactions in the service users care/ sanction plans. The service users GP must be contacted and the medicinal drug stopped until informed otherwise. All practice of med icine should stupefy with a description leaflet, which lists possible side effects.These should be retained for future confabence. If medicine for service users come in MDS packs thus the pharmacist should be contacted for information on all medicinal drug give in this manner. Older people are particularly susceptible to reacting indecently to medication and are often already taking many divers(prenominal) typewrites of medication. Staff should be particularly vigilant with older people. Common adverse reaction symptoms in older people are restlessness, falls, confusion, drowsiness, depression, constipation, incontinence, and Parkinsons symptoms. Policies and procedures should be put in place locally, describing the steps to be determi adopt in the event of an adverse reaction to a medicine, whether minor or life threatening. memorialise more  medical specialty to Individuals tasteCommon types of medicationTypes of medication wreak Antibiotics To fight infection Anal gesics To relieve pain Anti-histamines To relieve allergy symptoms Antacids For digestion Anticoagulants To keep rearward linage clots Psychotropic medicines which interact with the nervous system Diuretics Used to run short rid of excess fluid Laxatives To alleviate constipation Hormones E.g. steroids or insulin cytotoxic medicines to treat some forms of cancerMedication Common side effects Hypnotics and sedatives Temazepam and Nitrazepam Causes drowsiness in the morning Antibiotics such(prenominal) as erythromycin and amoxicillin Nausea and vomiting, diarrhoea and shin rashes. AnalgesicsStrong painkillers such as codeine and morphine Nausea and vomiting, drowsiness, confusion and constipation. Antidepressants such as Amitriptyline sightly sleepy and confused.2.2Some medication which demands the measurement of specific physiological measurements are as follow Insulin (blood glucose testing) to ensure the blood glucose is not too high (which disallows healing and increa ses the risk of injure to the nerve endings among many other effects) or too low (could induce a loss of consciousness for face) and warfarin (a blood thinner) which requires the blood to be checked regularly to monitor how trenchant the drug is i.e. is it vetoing the blood be too thin (which could cause an interior bleed) or downstairs anti-coagulated leaving the patient atrisk of blood clots. There is likewise Digoxin. The pulse should be recorded prior to administration of the drug.Also a test is used to monitor the concentration of the drug in the blood. The demigod of digoxin prescribed whitethorn be familiarized depending on the level measured. A doctor whitethorn straddle one or more digoxin tests when a person begins treatment to mark off if the initial dosage is within therapeutic range and whence order it at regular intervals to ensure that the therapeutic level is maintained. Apart from the administration of insulin you whitethorn not be expected to conside r a in effect(p) knowledge of the others above or to slang out the clinical activities just there should be an awareness of the reasons for clinical follow and to ensure that these take place as directed by a clinician.2.3The individuals you work with whitethorn experience unwanted or adverse effects after the administration of medication and you strike to recognise this and take action. ominous effects could be * Anaphylactic shock occurs sometimes after the use of an antibiotic. * Swelling of body parts, skin transmutes, breathing difficulties and so on If you observe any adverse changes you need to follow the laid down procedures at your workplace which you need to frame out to support your answer of the appropriate action to take. * depose the charabanc and seek professional help at present. * Observe the individual* Document all adverse reactions and action taken* Treat the symptoms followers clinical advice.* Record the medicine and reaction in the care plan and bollix up chart.* Inform the individuals own doctor and the pharmacist as short as possible.2.4 judicature Route* Oral by mouth, tablets and syrups* Aural spike heel drops* Rectal suppositories* vaginal tablets, creams* Sublingual at a lower place tongue* Naso stomachic via a nasogastric tubing* Buccal between the lips and gums* Inhaled into lungs via inhaler or nebuliser* Ocular/ophthalmic middle drops* Nasal sprays, drops* local skin creams* Intra venous flat or via a drip into a vein* intramuscular blastoff into muscle* subcutaneous injection into subcutaneous layer of skin* transcutaneous injection under top layer of skin, patches e.g. HRT* Peg Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy medicines are introduced via a PEG tube which has been inserted like a shot into the service users stomach.3.1/2 using a few of the different dispatchs of administration highlight the materials or equipments involved. For mannequin * A service user who has a severe chest c ondition may require a nebulizer. This devise pumps air through a mask/mouth ensnare that contains the medicine in a chamber. The medicine is reborn into a fine mist and the service user inhales the medicine. * Oral administration spoon, pill pot, water, gloves* Topical administration gloves to avoid baby contamination and potential harm to yourself.5.3An example of this would be what to do when you make an error in administration of medication. Anyone can make a mistake but it is essential that you report the incident immediately to your manager to avoid any damage or deterioration to the health of the individual. Your workplace should have a policy in place of what to do when an error in administration has been make and why. Read and summarise. If you have administered medicine to an individual and they develop an adverse effect which you are not competent to handle you need to report following(a) the procedures at your workplace. Medication errors detect, but you should re port errors immediately. An error in the administration of a medicine can be at best awkward or at worst fatal. Common medication errors hold * under(a) administration* Over administration* In sort medication* Incorrect prescription* Non administration* Non recording* Administration of wrong medicine to wrong service user* Administration at wrong time.When any error in administering medication occurs, the local procedure must be followed immediately and should include the following steps- * Report immediately to your line manager and follow directions given * Report immediately to the prescriber/GP/pharmacist and follow directions given * If skilful error is made the service user may need hospital treatment * Document error fullyAll incidents should be fully investigated, the events documented and every possible action taken to prevent the mistake happening again. If serious negligence or an attempt to cover up the mistake is discovered, this should be treated as a correcti ve offence. Failure to record medication errors is a Registration Offence for idea staff and should be reported to the NMC. The Care Commission and CQC also require to be notified of medication errors.5.5Even if an individual wishes to self administer their medication it is still necessary to maintain a record of their current medication as stated in the National minimum standards which states The service user, following assessment as able to self administer medication, has a lockable topographic point in which to store medication, to which suitably trained, designated care staff may have access with the service users permission It is necessary to confirm that the individual in reality takes the medication because you are required to complete the MAR (Medicines Administration record) accurately. If the individual surmounted the medication to another individual, that person could become seriously ill as could the person who the medication was intended for. You are responsib le for the administration and its verity and it is your duty of care to protect individuals from harm.5.7CONTROLLED DRUGSSpecial arrangements apply to the disposal of Controlled Drugs (CDs) in care homes registered to provide nursing care in England and Wales * If supplied for a advertd person denature CDs using a kit designed for this purpose and soce consign to a licensed desert disposal company * If supplied as a stock for the care home (nursing) an authorised person must witness the disposal. For all other social care settings, the CDs should be returned to the pharmacist or dispensing doctor who supplied them at the earliest opportunity for safe denaturing and disposal. When CDs are returned for disposal, a record of the return should be made in the CD record book. It is good practice to acquire a signature for receipt from the pharmacist or dispensing doctor. Handling non prescribed controlled drugs and their disposalsometimes people bring extramarital substances into c are homes. The care setting should take advice from local police and if necessary the Serious and Organised Crime dominance concerning appropriate procedures for dealing with this. Homecare providers should devise policies and procedures in intercourse to service users using illicit drugs. This may include a requirement for care workers to vacate the exposit if a service user is smoking, consuming or injecting illegal substances. effective advice should be sought in situations where care workers may be at risk of aiding and abetting a service user to perform an illegal act. governing OF MEDICINESAll care settings should have a written policy for the safe disposal of surplus, unwanted or expired medicines. When care staff are responsible for the disposal, a complete record of medicines should be made The familiar method for disposing of medicines should be by returning them to the supplier. The supplier can then ensure that these medicines are disposed of in concurrence wit h current yearn regulations. In England, care homes (nursing) must not return medicines to a society pharmacist but use a licensed waste management company. Additional advice is provided by CQC in safe disposal of waste medicines from care homes (nursing).The situations when medicines might need to be disposed of include * A persons treatment has changed or is discontinued the remaining supplies of it should be disposed of safely (with the persons apply) * A person impartings to another care service they should take all of their medicines with them, unless they agree to dispose of any that are no age abundant needed * A person dies. The persons medicines should be kept for seven days, in case the Coroners Office, Procurator financial (in Scotland) or courts ask for them * The medicine reaches its outcome date. Some medicine expiry dates are shortened when the product has been opened and is in use, for example, eye drops. When applicable, this babe stated in the product inf ormation leaflet (PIL). All disposals of medicines must be clearly documented.Administer Medication To Individuals EssayThe Medicines Act 1968. This governs the control of medicines for human and veterinary use which includes the manufacture and supply of medicines the Act defines one-third categories of medicine- 1. Prescription Only Medicines (POM) These are available only from the chemist /pharmacy if prescribed by GP. 2. Pharmacy Medicines Available from the pharmacy but without a prescriptions 3. General Sales List (GSL) Medicines which may be bought from any shop without a prescriptions.Human Medicines Regulations 2012These Regulations set out a mingled regime for the authorisation of medicinal products for human use, Manufacture, import, distribution, sale and supply of those products. For the labelling and publicize and for drug safety.See more Masters of Satire John Dryden and Jonathan agile EssayThe Misuse Of Drugs Act 1971This act creates three classes of control led substances A, B, and C, and ranges of penalties for illegal or unlicensed possession and possession with the intent to supply are pass judgment differently within each class. The lists of substances within each class can be revise by order so the Home secretary can list mod drugs and upgrade or downgrade or de-list previously controlled drugs with less of the bureaucracy and delayThe Misuse of Drugs (Safe Custody) Regulations 2001.The Misuse of Drugs Act controls the export, import, supply and possession of dangerous or otherwise harmful drugs. In effect the Act largely renders unlawful all activities in the drugs controlled under the act except provided for under the regulations made under the Act. The drugs which are subject to the control of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 Health Act 2006An Act to make provision of the prohibition of smoking in certain premises, places and vehicles and for amending the minimum age of persons to whom tobacco may be sold, to make provisions in relative to the prevention and control of health care associated infection, to make provisions in congener to the management and use of controlled drugs, to make provision in relation to the management and use of controlled drugs, to make provision in relation to the care of certain dealings with medicinal products and the running of pharmacy premises and more or less orders under the Medicines Act 1968 and orders amending that Act under the Health Act 1999 Health and hearty Care Act 2008 (2012)The main focus of the Health and Social Care Act 2008 was to create a new regulator whose fuck off and purpose was to provide registration and inspection of health and adult social care services together for the first time, with the aim of ensuring safety and quality of care for service users. The Care Quality Commission was established by statute, with enhanced powers to regulate primary care services, including hospitals, GP practices, Dental practices, Ambulance function and Car e Homes. These powers include failing registration, fines and even closing practices down which do not adhere to the Fundamental Standards in Quality and Safety. This cohesive preliminary has led to the CQC becoming one of the most powerful regulatory bodies in the UK.Read moreThe Health and Social Care Act 2012 made minor changes to the 2008 Act, but for the purposes of Health and Adult Social Care professionals flavour at the registration and inspection regime, this only amounted to terminological clarification, a alter of the relationship between the CQC and Monitor and the establishment of The Healthwatch England Committee as part of the CQC. In addition to this the following institutions have been abolished The Office of the Health Professions Adjudicator, The National Information Governance Board for Health and Social Care, The National forbearing Safety Agency and The NHS Institute for Innovation and Improvement. The Controlled Drugs (Supervision and management And Use) R egulations 2006 The Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001 classify controlled drugs (CDs) into five schedules corresponding to their theraputic usefulness and misuse potential. A Number of changes impact the prescribing, record keeping and destruction of CDs have been introduced as a result of amendments to the Misuse Of Drugs Regulations 2001.The Controlled Drugs (Supervision of Management and Use) Regulations 2006 came into effect on 1st January 2007. The Health and Safety at Work Act The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 is also referred to as JSWA, The HSW Act, The 1974 Act or HASAWA. This is the primary piece of legislation covering occupational health and safety in spectacular Britain. The Health and Safety Executive with local authorities (and other enforcing authorities) is responsible for enforcing the Act and a number of other Acts and Statutory Instruments relevant to the operative environment. Essential Standards (Regulation 13) 2008.2010 This is a very small part in Regulation 13 as in, The registered pewrson must have suitable arrangements in place for obtaining and acting in the best interest of the individual. Where they are able to give valid consent to the examination, care, treatment and support they receive. Understand and know how to change any decisions well-nigh examination, care, treatment as in medication and support that has been previously concur, can be confident that their human rights are consider and taken into account accordance with the consent of service users in relation to the care and treatment provided for them.Data Protection Act 1998 The Acts definition of personal data covers any data that can be used to identify a living individual. Individuals can be place by various means including their names and address, telephone number or email address. The Act applies only to data which is held or intended to be held on computers (equipment operating automatically in response to instructions given for that purpose) or held in a relevant filing system. Control Of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) Regulations 2002 The occupational use of nano materials is regulated under the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) is the law that requires employers to control substances that are hazardous to health and includes nano materials. This covers controlled drugs as well The Environmental Protection Act 1990 & The Waste and contaminated land Order 1997 place a Duty Of Care on anyone who produces, collects, treats and disposes of waste.This includes feminine hygiene, clinical, sharps, medicines, dental wastes, confidential waste or other waste to be recycled. The main principles of duty of care are about documenting the transfer of waste and checking up on anyone you transfer waste to (e.g. if they are a registered carrier of waste, if they are taking waste to suitably licensed / permitted sites). You should only use a Contractor who can provide proof of shape with the legislation. Haza rdous Waste Regulations 2005 The regulations replaced the special waste regulations 1996 in England and fully meet the requirements of the Hazardous Waste Directive.The regulations remove the current need to pre-notify the Environment Agency before hazardous waste can be moved off site, and include a simpler method for tracking wastes once they have been moved. The include a new system to ensure that certain sites where hazardous waste is produced are notified to the Environment Agency. This allow improve the whole regulation of the hazardous waste chain from source site to waste site. These regulations had previously amended certain clinical, medicinal and dental wastes they are now affected by the new Regulations as well as you must not undulate hazardous with non-hazardous waste. Soft/hard Clinical waste, Sharps and pharmaceutical-sharpesThis waste may be classed as hazardous, due to its infectious nature. The Department of Health has produced important new guidance in Saf e Management of Healthcare waste. Offensive waste-Sanitary, Incontinence, red lidded sharps.Feminine hygiene, nappy and incontinence and fully discharged syringes are not classed as hazardous or special waste and do not require consignment notes. The Guideline policies and procedures in the Care Home I work in In my workplace, I have accessCommon Types of MedicationEffectsPotential Side EffectsAnalgesics. e.g. ParacetamolAnalgesics are used to relieve pain such as headachesAddiction to these can happen if taken over a long period of time. Also, ire of the stomach, liver damage and sleep disturbances as some analgesics contain caffeine.Antibiotics. e.g. AmoxicillinAntibiotics are used to treat infections that are caused by bacteria Diarrhoea, vox populi sick and vomiting are the most earthy side effects. Some people get a fungal infection such as thrush after treatment with antibiotics for a longer period of time.  More serious side-effects of antibiotics include kidney pr oblems, blood disorders, increased sensitivity to the sun and deafness. However, these are rare.Antidepressants. e.g. CitalopramAntidepressants work by changing the chemical balance in the brain and that can in turn change the psychological state of the mind such as depression Common side effects include muddled vision, dizziness, drowsiness, increased appetite, nausea, restlessness, shaking or trembling and difficulty sleeping. Other side effects include, dry mouthy, constipation and sweating Anticoagulants. e.g. WarfarinAnticoagulants are used to prevent blood clottingA side effect common to all anticoagulants is the risk of excessive bleeding (Haemorrhages) This is because these medicines increase the time that it takes clots to form. If clots take too long to form, then you can experience excessive bleeding. Side effects may include passing blood in your pissing or faeces, severe bruising, prolonged nosebleeds (Lasting longer than 10 Minutes) Blood in your vomit, coughing up b lood unusual headaches, sudden sever back pain and difficulty breathing or chest pain. Some Side effects with warfarin include rashes, diarrhoea, nausea (Feeling sick) and vomiting Identify Medication Which Demands The Measurement of Specific Physiological MeasurementsDescribe The Common Adverse Reactions To Medication, How from each one Can Be Recognised And the Appropriate Action(s) RequiredUnexpected adverse reactions can happen for any drug potentially that an individual is taking. For example one individual I work a person may have an adverse reaction to penicillin, anaphylactic shock the signs of this are the swelling of for example the lips or face, a skin rash and the individual may also have breathing difficulties. This is why it is important that all information about an individual is recorded in full in their care plan and on the MAR sheet.Other severe adverse reactions could include a fever and skin blistering if adverse reactions are not treated they could fatal. These usually occur within an hour of the medications being administered. Sometimes adverse reactions can develop a few weeks after and may cause damage to the kidneys or liver.If a service user at my place of work happened to have an adverse reaction to a medication, I would notify the Nurse on duty and/or House Manager. It would be up to them to contact the local GP for advice, and if necessary to make arrangements to get the service user to hospital for treatment.Explain the Different Routes Of Medicine AdministrationRoutes Of AdministrationExplanationInhalationInhalers and nebulisers are used for individuals who have respiratory conditions as these deliver the medication directly to the lungs. Conditions such as bronchial asthma and COPD OralThis medication is taken via the mouth. This can be in the form of tablets and capsules. If am individual finds it difficult to swallow tablets oral medication is also available in legatos, suspensions and syrups. Sub lingual medications are fo r example when tablets are placed under the tongue to dissolve quickly TransdermalTransdermal medications come in the form of patches that are utilize to the skin usually to the chest or velocity arm. They work by allowing the medication to be released slowly and then absorbed. For example, Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) patches and nicotine patches.TopicalTopical medications come in the form of creams and gels and are applied directly to the skin egress usually to treat skin conditions. instillment Instillation medications come in the form of drops or ointments and can be instilled via the eyes, nose or ears. Drops can be used for ear or eye infections. Nose sprays are used for treating for example hay fever.IntravenousIntravenous medication enters directly into the veins and absorbed quickly. This route can only be do by a doctor or trained nurseRectal/VaginalRectal medications are absorbed very quickly. Suppositories are available and are given into the rectum. P essaries are given into the vagina. Only after training can these medications be administered.SubcutaneousSubcutaneous medications are injected just beneath the skin i.e. insulin is administered in this way. Only after training can these medications be administered.IntramuscularIntramuscular medication is injected directly into the large muscles in the body, i.e. the legs or bottom. This route can only be done by a doctor or trained nurse.Administer medication to individuals EssayCurrent legislation, guidelines, policies and protocols relevant to administering medication are- The Medicines Act 1968 requires that local pharmacist or dispencing doctor is responsible for supplying medication. The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 controls dangerous and harmful drugs, I.e. controlled drugs (CDs) The Misuse of Drugs and the Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2007 specifies about handling, record keeping and storing controlled drugs correctly. The Safer Management of Controlled Drugs Regulations 2006 specifies how controlled drugs are stored, administered and disposed of.Common types of medication include-Medication Effects Side effectsPareacetamolIt is commonly used for the relief of headaches and other minor aches and pains loony to no side effects. Prolonged daily use increases the risk of upper gastrointestinal complications such as stomach bleedingOmeprazole suppresses gastric acid discrimination by specific inhibition of the H+/K+-ATPase in the gastric parietal cell. By acting specifically on the proton pump, omeprazole blocks the concluding step in acid production, thus reducing gastric moroseness headache, diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, dizziness, trouble awakening and sleep deprivation Levothyroxine Levothyroxine is approved to treat hypothyroidism and to suppress thyroid hormone release in the management of cancerous thyroid nodules and growth of goiterrs.See more First Poem for You EssayLevothyroxine may increase the effect of blood thinners such as warfar in. Therefore, monitoring of blood clotting is necessary, and a decrease in the dose of warfarin may be necessary. AsprinUsed to relive minor aches and pains such as headaches. It can be also used to thin the blood to turn off the possibility of a blood clots, heart attacks and strokes. Aspirin use has been shown to increase the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding2 Medication that demands the measurement of specific psychological measurements includes spironolactone blood wring Furosemide- blood pressureDigoxin blood pressureWarfarin INR blood test3Common side effects to medication includeSide effects How can be recognise Actions requiredWeight gain Visual and my weighing Diet controlConstipation Not being able to pass a gut motion LaxitivesDrowsiness Person being very sleepy Rest until drowsiness wears off Rashes Visual appearance on the skin Stop medication and have-to doe with GP Vomiting Person is vomiting Consult GPDiahorreaPerson having loose bowlesSeek advice from G PSwelling Swelling of limbs face ectStop medication and consult GP Breathing difficulties Person finding in difficult to breath Ring 999 4Different routes of medicine administrationOral tablets, capsules, liquids etc. These are swallowed by the person. Sublingually tablets or liquids are administered under the tongue for zip up of absorption. Inhalation administration this is breathed in through the nose or mouth so its delivered straight into where it is most needed i.e. the lungs. Intramuscular (IM) injection administration injected into large muscles onto the body e.g. legs, bottom. Can only be performed by a trained doctor or nurse.Intravenous (IV) injection administration administered directly into the veins so it is rapidly absorbed into the body.Subcutaneous injection medicine is injected directly under the skin, most common type of medicine injected in this way is insulin.Instillation administration these can be a suspension or liquid and can be administered in a nu mber of ways via ear nose or eyes. Rectal Administration these are usually suppositories and are absorbed into the body quickly by this route. Vaginal administration only really used to treat conditions in the vagina such as thrush Topical application administration creams, ointments and gels are applied to the skin. Transdermal patch this is applied the skin for slow absorption into the body.Explain the types, function and purpose of equipment and materials used when administering medication.Type Purpose and functionGloves They protect the skin and stops cross contaminationAprons They protect cloth and create a barrier which helps prevent cross contamination Sharps bin This is used for the safe disposal of needles etc.Needles These are available in an array of sizes so they are specific to the function and occupier using them. They are used to inject insulin into diabetics syringe These are available in different sizes and are used to obtain the correct amount on medication. Me dication pots These are used to safely transport and hold the medication before being administered to the resident physician. Monitored dosage system (MDS) This is system pharmacists use to dispense medicines and must be used with accordance to the MAR record. inhalers You can also compliance aids such as Aerochambers to aid to inhale the medicine correctly.The required information on prescriptions and medications charts includeThe name or names and address of the patient or patients.The name and quantity of the drug or device prescribed and the directions for use. The date of issue. either rubber stamped, typed, or printed by hand or typeset, the name, address, and telephone number of the prescriber, his or her license classification, and his or her federal registry number, if a controlled substance is prescribed.StrengthThe time the medication should be administered.Outcome 4In order to ensure I follow standards to prevent infection control I must make sure that I wash mu hand b efore and after each resident. You should always wear gloves if you run the risk of handling them inadvertently if they are cytotoxic. Medicines should always be stored in a clean and tidy environment.All medication a resident takes will be recorded on the MDS chart and all staff trained in administering medication will know how to record and understand the MAR charts. If resident B requests some pain relief you should always refer to the MDS chart to see what type of pain relief medication they are taking. It will also state how often they can have the medication and by what route the medication should be given. When preparing medication you should always refer to the MDS chart as it will tell you the exact time that the resident had their last pain relief. If it is ok to give the resident the medication then you should prepare the medication and then take it straight to the person. You should then immediately record the transaction onto the MDS chart either by signing it to say th at the medicine has been taken or recording the reason for non-administration. This is done be a code described on the MDS chart.You have to obtain the residents consent before administering them their medication. They must know what the medication they are taking and have the right to refuse medication. The resident may ask what their medication is for and I must give them this information. If a resident is not capable of devising an informed choice i.e. the resident has got a mental illness and it is essential that that resident has their medication then it may have to be administered covertly (hidden or disguised in food) this must only be done after discussion with a doctor.All medication for each individual resident will be stored in MDS and are clearly labeled so selecting to correct medication is easier. After selecting all the correct medication with accordance to the MDS chart you should then check you have the correct type and dosage against the MDS chart. If any medicine s have to be prepared for example having 10mls of lactulose you should follow you prepare the correct amount them double check the amount against the MDS chart.There are different routes for administering medication. You should always read the label of medication to ensure that are administering it in in the correct way. If you are giving insulin to a resident it is important to alternate sites of injection, so you must look in their insulin record book to see which site was used for the last injection. You must also make sure that the site is clean before you inject.You must ensure that you give the correct medication at the correct dose by the correct route at the correct time with agreed support. You must always use the medication system in place at the home and make sure that medication is given as stated on the MDS charts. My doing this you will stay in line with legislation and the homes policies.There may be immediate problems when administering medication which have to be resolved and reported such as Missed medication the medication may have been missed as the resident was asleep, or because they go out regular social events. If they miss their medication on a regular occasion that you should talk to their GP or pharmacist to see if their medication regime can be changed so it is more accommodate therefore they do not miss medications. Spilt medication this may now and then happen you may knock over a resident dispersible aspirin, if this happens you should give them the last dose from the MDS blister pack and record to say why this is missing. A person decides not to take prescribed medication you must find out why the person is choosing not to take their medication.You can explain the side effects if the person does not take their medication but you cannot force then to take it. You must inform their GP of their wishes not to take the medication. Wrong medication used mistakes can happen in social care especially if poor systems are in pla ce. If a medication error has been made you must follow the correct procedures. You must seek advice from a doctor to make sure the medication that has been given in error does not react with any other medication that the resident is taking. You must them fill out an incident report. Adverse reaction these may occur when a resident takes any medicine. They may have been taking the medication for a short or long time before that reaction happens. It is important to document the reaction when it occurs and inform the doctor. All of the above must be reported to the senior ingredient on shift and also recorded in their care notes.When administering medication you must monitor the resident throughout so you can observe if any adverse reaction are taking place. If any adverse reactions are taking place you must take the appropriate action depending on the type of reaction. This must then also be recorded in their care notes and their doctor will also have to be informed.It is necessary to confirm that the resident has taken their medication and does not pass it on to others as the medication if taken by another resident may be harmful to them. The resident if they have mental health issues may not realise that the medication is only for them to take and may believe them to be sweets. You must also ensure they take them so that you can sign the MDS chart or else you cannot correctly sing the chart as you are signing to say they have took the medication. You should only go away medication with a resident if a risk assessment has been carried out.All medication must be stored in a locked dry room. The room must not be above 25 to ensure that they are stored within their product licences and their stability is maintained. The MDS chart must also be stored in a locked cupboard as all information about a resident medication is confidential. The drugs trolleys whilst in use must be kept in good vision in order to maintain security. After each medication round the troll eys must be locked up in the locked cupboard at the senior member on shift should hold the keys to this room in order to maintain security.Any out-of-date and part used medication must be sent back in the correct way in accordance to your MDS. All medication must be counted and recorded on the medication returns record. You have to record which residents medication it is, what strength, the amount being returned and the reason for disposal. Two members of staff have to sign and count the medication being returned, the pharmacist then collects the medication and will return the receipt that the homes keeps to record that the medication has been returned.

The Return: Shadow Souls Chapter 28

They walked rectify by the weeping door-guards. hardly very quickly, they discover that charm or so twain single was lisdecadeing to maam Fazina, in each live of the palace that was cave in to the man, a macabre-clad, white-gloved steward awaited, ready to spread bug out(a) out information, and to keep a bideful eye on his ladys possessions.The prototypical elbow agency that gave them any(prenominal) tolerant of hope was Lady Fazinas Hall of Harpery, a room devoted totally to the display of harps, from ancient, bow desire, single-stringed legal official documents, undoubtedly played by individuals who were similar to caved puff upers, to tall, gilded, orchestral harps resembling the one Fazina was now playing, the music audible throughout the palace. Magic, Elena fancy again. They reckon to use it here instead of technology.Each kind of harp has a unique key out to tune the strings, Me carmineith whispered, smell subject the length of the hall. On each side the line of harps marched into the distance. One of those depicts might be the mainstay. still how will we veritable(a) bed? Bonnie was fanning herself wildly with her peacock join fan. Whats the difference between a harp key and the flip key?I dont survive. And Ive n of all time comprehend of a key being unploughed in a harp, either. It would rattle well-nigh the sound corner every period the harp shifted slightly, Meredith admitted.Elena bit her lip. It was such a simple, reasonable question. She should incur dismayed, should be wondering how they could ever baffle one lesser fractional of a key in this rove. Especially considering that the clue they had that it was in the currency medaln Nightingales instrument, suddenly seemed absurd.I dont suppose, Bonnie said a lesser giddily, that the instrument is her articulate, and that if we reach d profess her throatElena dour to look at Meredith, who was sounding heavenward or at whatever was above this hideous dimension. I know, Meredith said. No more(prenominal) drinks for birdbrain here. Although I suppose its possible that they give out little silver whistles or instruments as favors all plentiful parties used to do that, you know give you a gift.How, Damon said in a carefully expressionless tone, would they possibly pay off the key into a favor for a party being disposed at to the lo air jacket degree weeks a instruction, and how could they ever hope to retrieve it? Misao might as well get under ones skin told Elena, We threw the key a counseling.Well, began Meredith, Im not at all genuine that they did mean for the keys to be retrievable, redden by them. And Misao could format one over meant Youd render to search all the garbage from the night of this shoo-in or some other party Fazina performed at. I theorise she gets asked to play at a lot of other commonwealths parties, similarly.Elena hated bickering, even though she was a champion bickerer herself. f urther she was a goddess tonight. No involvement was impossible. If simply she could esteemSomething same white lightning struck her brain.For save an instant one instant she was hind end, struggling with Misao. Misao was in her shake off form, biting and scratching and snarling out a reply to Elenas question virtually where the dickens halves of the fox key were. As if you would understand the answers I could give. If I told you that one was inside the silver nightingales instrument, would that give you any kind of topic?Yes. Those had been the exact spoken communication, the real rowing that Misao had spoken. Elena heard her own voice, repeating the words distinctly now.And thusly she felt up something like an arc of lightning leave her question only to meet anothers not cold away. The next thing she knew her eye were flying openitentiary in surprise be character Bonnie was speaking in that blank toneless way she of all succession did when making a prophecyEach fractional of the fox key is stampd like a single fox, with devil ears, two eyeball, and a snout. The two fox key halves are gold and covered with gems and their eyes are green. The key you seek is yet in the plate Nightingales instrument.Bonnie Elena said. She could see that Bonnies knees were trembling, her eyes unfocused. hence they opened and Elena watched as wateriness surged in to fill the blankness.Whats dismissal on? Bonnie said, looking around to see everyone looking at her. What what happened?You told us what the fox keys look like Elena couldnt help this exclamation almost a shout of experience. Now that they knew what they were looking for they could free Stefan they would free Stefan. Nothing would s exit Elena now. Bonnie had hardly helped recede this quest to an entirely different level. precisely while she was quaking inside with joy at the prophecy, Meredith, in her own level-headed way, was taking care of the prophet. Meredith said quietly, Shes be like going to faint. Would you pleaseMeredith didnt switch to ask further, for the vampires, Damon and quick of scent, were each quick rich to catch and support Bonnie on opposite sides. Damon was gaze down at the diminutive girl in surprise.Thanks, Meredith, Bonnie said, and let out a breath, blinking. I dont think Ill faint, she added, and thus with a glance up at Damon through her lashes, But its probably just as well to submit sure.Damon nodded and got a better grip, looking serious. Sage turned half away, seeming to scram something stuck in his throat.What did I say? I dont rememberAnd later Elena had solemnly repeated Bonnies words it was just like Meredith to say, Youre sure now, Bonnie? Does that sound right?Im sure. Im positive, Elena cut in. She was positive. The Goddess Ishtar and Bonnie had un secureed the ancient for her and shown her the key.All right. What if Bonnie and Sage and I take this room, and two of us can be distracting the steward, while the third l ooks in the harps for keys? Meredith suggested.Right. Lets do it Elena said.Merediths visualise proved to be more difficult in practice than it sounded. level(p)(p) with two glorious young girls in the room and one terminally fit guy, the steward kept spinning in little circles and detective work one or another of them handling and peering into a harp.Naturally, the handling was strictly forbidden. It put the harps further out of tune and it could easily damage them, curiously since the only way to make absolutely sure that a small golden key was not in a harps sound box was to actually shake the harp and listen for rattling.Worse, each of the harps was displayed in its own little nook, complete with dramatic lighting, a flamboyant bruiseted subterfuge female genitals it (most of them portraits of Fazina playing the harp in question), and a plush red rope crossways the front of the nook that said Keep expose as plainly as a sign.In the end Bonnie, Meredith, and Sage resort ed to having Sage Influence the steward to be entirely passive something he was only able to do for a few minutes of time, or the steward would peak the gaps in Lady Fazinas program. They would then each insanely search harps while the steward stood like a wax figure. retardation Damon and Elena were wandering the palace, looking through the serenity of the mansion that was off-limits to visitors. If they bring nothing, they intended to search the more available inhabit as the gala continued.It was dangerous work, this stealing in and out of macabreened, cordoned-off often locked empty dwell dangerous and strangely thrilling to Elena. Somehow, it seemed that fear and passion were more confining related than she had fully realized. Or at least, it seemed that way with her and Damon.Elena couldnt help noticing and admiring little things about him. He seemed to be able to plump any lock with a single little implement he produced from inside his black jacket, the way other people produce fountain pens, and he had such a swift, graceful way of taking the pick out and move it dressing in. Economy of motion, she knew, earned by living for around five centuries.Also, no one could argue it Damon seemed to keep his head in any situation, which made them a good pair right now when she was striding around like a goddess who could not be bound by the rules of mortals. This was even enhanced by the scares she got shapes that looked like guards or sentries looming up at her turned out to be a stuffed bear, a slim cupboard, and something Damon didnt allow her more than a glimpse of, only if what looked like a mummified human. Damon wasnt fazed by any of them.If I could just channel some more federal agency to my eyes, Elena suasion, and things immediately brightened up. Her Power was obeying herGod Ill have to wear this dress for the rest of my life it makes me timbre sopowerful. Sounashamed. Ill have to wear it to college, if I ever get to college, to im press my professors and to Stefans and my wedding just so people understand Im not a slut and to the beach, just to give the guys something to lookShe stifled a giggle and was surprised to see Damon glance with jeer reproach at her. Of course, he was as closely focused on her as she was on him. But it was a slightly different case, of course, because, to his eyes, she wore a big label with STRAWBERRY JAM written on it, tied around her neck. And he was getting hungry again. Very hungry.Next time Im going to see that you eat properly to begin with you go out, she thought at him.Lets worry about succeeding this time before we kill planning for next time, he returned, with just the faintest firefly hint of his 250-kilowatt smile.But it was all mixed in, of course, with a little of the sardonic triumph that Damon always carried with him. Elena swore to herself that laugh at her as he might, beg her as he might, threaten or cajole as he might, she wouldnt give Damon the gaiety of even one nip tonight. He could just pop the top off another jam pot, she thought.Eventually, the sweet music of the concert was stilled and Elena and Damon hasten sand to meet with Bonnie, Meredith, and Sage in the Harpery Hall. Elena could have guessed the news by Bonnies stance, even if she hadnt already known from Sages silence. But the news was worse than Elena could have imagined not only had the three found nothing in the Harpery Hall, unless they had finally resorted to quizzing the steward, who could speak, if not move, under Sages Influence.And guess what he told us, Bonnie said, and added before anyone could venture a word, Those harps are each cleaned and tuned every single day. Fazina has, like, a whole army of servants for them. And anything, anything that didnt belong to a harp would be ac cypher at once. And nothing has been It just isnt in that respectElena felt herself shrink from wise goddess to baffled human. I was worried it would be like this, she admitted , sighing. It would have been just too easy the other way. All right, Plan B. You mingle with the gala guests, trying to get a look at each room thats open to the public. Try to dazzle Fazinas consort and pump him for information. See if Misao and Shinichi have been here recently. Damon and I will keep looking in the rooms that are supposed to be closed off.Thats so dangerous, Meredith said, frowning. Im afraid of what the penalization might be if youre caught.Im afraid of what the penalty might be to Stefan if we dont get under ones skin this key tonight, Elena retorted shortly, and turned on her heel, leaving.Damon followed her. They searched endless darkened rooms, now not even knowing whether they were looking for a harp or something else. start Damon would check if there were a breathing body inside the room (there might be a vampire guard, of course, unless there wasnt over oftentimes to do about that), then he picked the lock. Things were working seamlessly until they re ached a room at the end of a long hall facing west Elena had long since gotten lost in the palace, still she could unerringly tell west, because it was where the bloated solarise hung.Damon had picked the lock of this room and Elena had originally started forward eagerly. She searched the room, which contained, frustratingly, a silver-framed picture of a harp, but with nothing as bulky as the half of the fox key inside it, even when she had carefully used Damons lock pick to unscrew the backing.It was while she was placing this picture back on the wall that they twain heard the thump. Elena winced, praying that none of the black-suited security servants who roamed the palace had heard the noise.Damon quickly put a hand over her mouth and dialed the gaslight knob into darkness.But they both could hear it nowfootsteps approaching from outside in the mansion house. Someone had heard the thump. The footsteps stopped outside the door and there was the distinct sound of an top(preno minal) servants discreet cough.Elena whirled, aromaing in that moment as if Wings of repurchase were within her reach. It would only require the slightest rise in adrenaline and she would have the security worker on his or her knees, sobbing in the contriteness of a lifetimes work at evil. Elena and Damon would be gone before But Damon had another idea, and Elena was startled into going along with it.When the door opened taciturnly a moment later, the steward found a couple locked in such a tight drag in that they seemed not even to notice the intrusion. Elena could practically feel his indignation. The desire of a couple of guests to discreetly embrace in the privacy of Lady Fazinas many public rooms was understandable, but this was part of the private household. As he turned the lights up, Elena peeked at him out of the corner of her eye. Her psychic senses were open enough to catch his thoughts. He was going over the valuables in the room with an experienced but bored gaze. Th e lancinate miniature vase with the trailing roses picked out in rubies and emerald-encrusted vines the magically preserved 5,000-year-old woody Sumerian lyre the twin pair of solid gold candlesticks in the shape of rearing dragons the Egyptian funerary mask with its dark, elongated eyeholes seeming to watch out of its brilliantly painted featuresall were here. It wasnt even as if her ladyship kept anything of great value here, but still, This room is not part of the public display, he told Damon, who merely clasped Elena closer.Yes, Damon seemed very determined to put on a good show for the stewardor something like that. But hadnt they alreadydone so? Elenas thoughts were losing coherency. The live on thingthe very last thing that they could affordwas tolose the put on the line offinding the fox key. Elena started to pull away, and then realized that she mustnt.Mustnt. Not couldnt. She was property, expensive property to be sure, decked out the way she was tonight, but Damons t o dispose of as he chose. period someone else was looking on, she must not seem to disobey her masters wishes.Still, Damon was taking this too farfarther than he had ever taken liberties with her, although, she thought wryly, he didnt know that. He was caressing the skin left unprotected by the tusk goddess dress, her fortification, her back, even her hair. He knew how she liked that, how she could somehow feel it when her hair was held and the ends caressed softly or gently crushed in a fist.Damon She was down to the last resort now pleading. Damon, if they detain us, or do anything to us that keeps us from finding the key tonight when will we have another chance?She let him feel her desperation, her guilt, even the treacherous desire she had to forget everything and let each minute carry her further on this wave of fervency that he had created. Damon, Illsay it if you want. Imbegging you. Elena could feel her eyes prickling as tears flooded them. No tears. Elena heard Damons telepathic voice gratefully. thither was something strange about it, though. It couldnt be starvation hed had her blood not much more than two hours ago. And it wasnt passion, for she could hear and sense that, all too clearly. all the same Damons telepathic voice was so taut with control that it almost frightened her. More, she knew he could feel that it frightened her and that he chose to do nothing about it. No explanation. No exploration, either, she realized as she found that behind the control, his forefront was entirely shut to her.The only thing she could liken the feeling that she got from his steely control was pain. Pain that was just on the edge of the endurable.But from what? Elena wondered helplessly.What could cause him pain like that?Elena couldnt waste their time on wondering what was unlawful with Damon. She turned up the Power of her own hearing and began to listen at the doors before they entered.It was while she was listening that suddenly a new idea sol idified in Elenas mind, and she stopped Damon in a pitch-dark hallway and tried to explain to him what kind of room she was looking for. What, in redbrick days, would be called a home office.Damon, familiar with the architecture of great mansions, took her, afterwards only a few false starts, into what was clearly a ladys paternity room. Elenas eyes were by now as keen as his in the dimness as they searched by the light of a single candle.While Elena was being frustrated after searching a remarkable desk with pigeonholes for brain-teaser drawers, and not finding any, Damon was checking the hallway.I hear someone outside, he said. I think its time to leave now.But Elena was still looking. And as her eyes raced across the room she saw a small writing desk with an superannuated chair and an assortment of various pens, from ancient to modern, flaunting themselves from elaborate holders.Lets go while its still clear, Damon murmured impatiently.Yes, Elena said distractedly. All rig htAnd then she saw.Without an instants hesitation she strode across the room to the desk and picked up a pen with a brilliant silver plume. It wasnt a genuine quill pen, of course it was a fountain pen made to look elegant and old-fashioned with a plume. The pen itself was sheer to fit her hand, and the wood felt warm.Elena, I dont feel veryDamon, shhh, Elena said, ignoring him, too absorbed in what she was doing to really hear. First try to write. No go. Something was engine block the cartridge. Second unscrew the fountain-pen carefully, as if to refill its cartridge, while all the time her heart was clamoring in her ears and her hands were shaking. Keep moving easilydont miss anythingfor Gods sake dont let anything fall away and bounce in this dimness. The two parts of the pen parted in her handand onto the dark green desk pad fell a small, heavy, curved piece of metal. It had just fit inside the widest part of the pen. She had it in her hand and was reassembling the pen befor e she could get a good look at it. But thenshe had to open her hand and see.The small crescent-shaped object dazzled her eyes in the light, but it was just like the description Bonnie had given Elena and Meredith. A tiny representation of a fox with a nominal body and a jewel-encrusted head that sported two flat ears. The eyes were two sparkling green stones. Emeralds?Alexandrite, Damon said in a bedroom whisper. Folklore has it that they qualify color in candlelight or firelight. They reflect the flame.Elena, who had been leaning back against him, recalled with a chill the way Damons eyes had reflected flame when he had been possess the bloodred flame of the malach of Shinichis cruelty.So, Damon demanded, how did you do it?This is really one of the two pieces of the fox key?Well, its hardly something that belongs in a fountain pen. Maybe its a jimdandy prize. But you went right to it the moment we entered the room. Even vampires need time to think, my cunning princess.Elena shr ugged. Its too easy, actually. When it was clear that all those harp keys were no goes, I asked myself what else was an instrument that youd find in someones house. A pen is a writing instrument. Then I just had to find out whether Lady Fazina had a sketch or writing room.Damon let out a breath. Hells demons, you little innocent. You know what Ive been looking for? Trap doors. Secret entries to dungeons. The only other instrument I could think of was an instrument of torture and youd be surprised at how many of them youll find in this fair city.But not in her house Elenas voice rose dangerously, and they were both silent a moment to make up for it, listening, on tenterhooks, for any sound from the hallway.There was none.Elena let out her breath. spry Where, where will it be safe? She was realizing that the one fault of the goddess dress was that there was absolutely no place to hide anything. Shed have to speak to Lady Ulma about that for next time.Down, down in the pocket of my jeans, Damon said, seeming to be as urgent and shaking as badly as she was. When he had jammed it deep into the recesses of his black Armani jeans he caught her by both hands. Elena Do you realize? Weve done it. Weve actually done itI know tears were leaking out of Elenas eyes and all of Lady Fazinas music seemed to be bulge in one great, perfect chord. We did it togetherAnd then somehow like all the other somehows that were getting to be a habit with them, Elena was in Damons arms, sliding her own arms under his jacket to feel his warmheartedness, his solidity. She wasnt surprised, either, to feel a double piercing at her throat when she dropped her head back her lovely panther was really only a little tamed, and necessitate to learn a few basics of dating etiquette such as you kiss before you bite.He had said he was hungry earlier, she remembered, and she had cut him, too enthralled by the silver pen to put the words together. But she put them together now, and understood except why he seemed to be so exceptionally hungry tonight.Maybe even excessively hungry.Damon, she thought gently, youre taking a lot.She could feel no chemical reaction but the raw hunger of the panther.Damon, this could be dangerousfor me. This time Elena put as much Power as she could into the words she sent.Still no response from Damon, but she was floating now, down into darkness. And that gave her the vague thread of an idea.Where are you? be you here? she called, picturing the little boy.And then she saw him, chained to his boulder, curve up in a ball, with his fists covering his eyes.Whats wrong? Elena asked immediately, floating near to him, concerned.Hes hurting Hes hurtingAre you hurt? Show me, Elena said instantly.No Hes hurting you. He could kill youHusshh. Husshhh. She tried to cradle him.We have to make him hear usAll right, Elena said. She really was feeling odd and weak. But she turned, along with the child, and cried voicelessly Damon Please Elena says stopAnd a miracle happened.Both she and the child could feel it. The little sting of fangs being withdrawn. The stop of energy flow from Elena to Damon.And then, ironically, the miracle began to take her away from the child, with whom she really wanted to speak.No Wait she tried to tell Damon, clinging to the childs hands as hard as she could, but she was being catapulted back to consciousness as if by a hurricane. The darkness faded. In its place was a room, too bright, its one candle blazing like a police searchlight aimed directly at her. She shut her eyes and felt the warmth and heaviness of the corporeal Damon in her arms.Im sorry Elena, can you speak? I didnt realize how much There was something wrong with Damons voice. Then she understood. Damons fangs were unretracted.Wha ? Everything was wrong. Theyd been so happy, but but now her right arm felt wet.Elena pulled away from Damon entirely, staring at her arms, which were red and with something that wasnt paint.She was still too w orked up to ask questions properly. She slipped behind Damon and pulled his black leather jacket off him. In the brilliant light she could see his black silk shirt marred by line after line of dried, partially dried, or just plain wet blood.Damon Her first reaction was horror without a touch of guilt or understanding. What happened? Did you get in a fight? Damon, tell meAnd then something in her mind presented her with a number. Since she had been a child, she had been able to count. In fact. shed learned to count to ten before her first birthday. Therefore, shed had seventeen full years of learning to count the number of irregular, deep, still-bleeding cuts in Damons back.Ten.Elena looked down at her own bloody arms and at the goddess dress, which was now the horror dress because its pure milky tweed was marred with brilliant red.Red that should have been her blood. Red that must have felt like sword slashes into Damons back as he channeled the pain and the marks of the Night of h er Discipline from her to him.And he carried me all the way home. The thought came swimming in from nowhere. Without a word about it. I would never have known.And he still hasnt healed. Will he ever heal?That was when she started screaming on all frequencies.

Privatization vs Public Sector

What is privatization? It is the process of transferring ownership of abusiness, enterprise, agency, man service or public property from thepublic empyrean(a government) to theprivate sector, either to a business that operates for a profit or to anon-profit organization. The term crapper also mean government outsourcingof run or functions to private firms, What is public sector initiate? In India, public sector set about (PSU) is a term used for a government-owned union (company in the public sector). From my point of view, privatization is going to be a reform for the financial ailments of our public sector travail.Lets discuss some factors approximately these two types of organizations. 1. Performance. Public sector undertaking tends to bebureaucratic. A semi semipolitical government may lonesome(prenominal) be motivated to improve a function when its poor performance becomes politically sensitive. 2. Increased efficiency. Private companies and firms put one across a greater incentive to produce moregoods and servicesfor the pastime of reachingcustomer satisfactionand hence increasing profits. A public organization would non be as productive due to the neglect of financing allocated by the entire governments budget that must consider different argonas of the economy. . Specialization. A privatebusinesshas the ability to focus all applicable human and financial resources onto specific functions. A public sector undertaking does not have the necessary resources tospecializeits goods and services as a result of the general products provided to the greatest number of people in thepopulation. 4. Corruption. A public sector undertaking is prone tocorruption decisions are make primarily for political reasons, personal gain of the decision-maker, instead than economic ones.Corruption in a public sector undertaking affects the ongoing asset catamenia and company performance, whereas any corruption that may occur during the privatization process is a one-time event and does not affect ongoing cash flow or performance of the company. 5. Accountability. Managers of privately owned companies are accountable to their owners/shareholders and to the consumer, and drive out only exist and thrive where needs are met. Managers of publicly owned companies are required to be more accountable to the broader community and to political stakeholders.This can reduce their ability to directly and specifically serve the needs of their customers, and can bias investment decisions away from otherwise profitable areas. 6. Goals. A political government tends to run an industry or company forpoliticalgoals rather thaneconomicones. 7. Capital. Privately held companies can sometimes more easily reproof investment capital in the financial trades. public sector undertaking industries have to compete with demands from other government departments and special interests. 8. Lack of market discipline.Poorly managed public sector undertaking companies ar e insulated from the same discipline as private companies, which could go bankrupt, have their management removed, or be interpreted over by competitors. Publicly owned enterprises in competitive environments would not perform better than privately owned companies in the same raft in terms of profitability, Privatization reduces the net transfer to public sector undertaking from government as unnecessary subsidies. These transfers become positive if the government actually starts collecting taxes from privatized firms. Thank you.

Critical Review of Two Academic Papers

Critical come off of two academic musical themes about the impacts of festivals and events to topical anaesthetic and functional development The mastermind of this test is to critical review two academic papers relating to the impacts of festivals and events to topical anaesthetic and regional development. The showtime key writing of Moscardo (2007) Analyzing the role of festivals and events in regional development, focuses on the potential role of festivals and events and explaining how disregard they contribute to regional development.An other paper, wrote by Wood (2005) Measuring the economic and brotherly impacts of local dominance events, focuses on local originatority use events in non-tourism regions and the post-industrial town of Blackburn in Lancashire. This essay will introduce the incompatible methodological approaches that these two articles used and controvert why these methods suitable for these two papers. It will also discuss other parts of methods t he authors used. According to Lancaster( 2009) use divergent kinds of methodological can pull out the information more(prenominal) reliable and valid.Focus on the mental object of these two papers, in the first writing, Moscardo (2007) describes that the take in explored 36 subject studies and compendium identified 13 themes which connected to the efficiency of festivals and events in regional development. The results of this look for, which atomic number 18 analysed by exploitation the soft research method, are used to describing how festivals and events can contribute to regional development. They also analysed the factors to the success of events and festivals. Moreover, Eisenhard (1989 cited in Moscardo) provided the main steps in case occupy analysis.In another article, Wood (2005) uses numeric method to identified both economic and social impacts of community focused on local pronouncement events. This research apply primarily six questionnaires to evaluate t wo larger events on disparate sides. As it menti cardinald, the authors used two different types of research methods. One is qualitative method and another one is quantitative method. As noted by Easterby-Smith, Thorpe and Jackson (2008) there are mainly 3 distinct differences between qualitative information and quantitative data. First of all, qualitative data is establish on through words express meanings and cannot be uantified. In contrast, qualitative data is based on meanings advertd through metrical composition and that can be counted or measured. Second, qualitative method conducted data from using conceptual model and quantitative method conducted data through using charts and statistics. Third, quantitative research relies mainly on statistical information and numbers, the results are numerical. Conversely, qualitative method need analyse longer descriptions instead of numbers. For using qualitative method, the advantages are this method strength is in uncovering m ore about tribes experience.As qualitative research focuses on underage groups, it can be less expensive than quantitative research which whitethorn require large groups of participants or expensive measurement tools. There are also have few postivist (Egan 2012) issues with qualitative research, such as subjective, cannot be generalised and it is difficult to determine the validity and reliability of linguistic data. For using quantitative method, it both have positive sides and contradict sides too. The advantages are the data is precise, replicable, generaliseable and it is aggregates across multiple subjects and summarizes findings.However, quantitative data may not be as rich as or as detailed as qualitative method and survey may be difficult for well-nigh participants, may not provide all the information needed for interpretations of data findings, and the large amounts of data may require more sophisticated analysis approaches (Cooper, Donohue and Tharenou 2007). Back o n these two papers, the reason why Moscardo (2007) used qualitative research method is because this study is focused on a specific area about the role that successful events and festivals can play in regional development. It is need information specifically and robust.Due to the purpose of the study, another author Wood (2005) used quantitative research method , which is evaluate two events and develop local peoples attitude to the region. They need widely information to bonk the general opinions of local authority events. Continuing focus on the different research methods the authors chose. Moscardo (2007) explored 36 case studies and identified 13 themes in content analysis. Anderson, Jansen and Velde (2004) state that case study research specializes in the understanding of a complex issue or experience in object and can be expanded or added to any known through introductory research trengths. Case study highlights a limited number of events or conditions and detailed background analysis of the relationship between them. Elsmore (2012) maintains that case study has many merits. For example, first, it can put people , events and organisations in their both social and historical context. Second, it has a ability to treat the subject as a whole. Third, data get togetherion is truly flexible, this outline permits researchers to adjust their research strategy as the research proceeds. Furthermore, there is on need to generalise to a defined wider population.Moscardo also used Eisenhardts (1989) steps in case study analysis, the process as starting from traditional problem definition and establish validation similar to hypothesis testing research. It required specify population, bemuse theoretical and not random sampling. Next, it should combine both qualitative and quantitative methods and overlap data collection to allow investigators to take advantage of emergent themes. Then, analyse cases and across cases and compare findings and similar literary pro ductions to build inborn validity. Lastly, extend and test hypothesis in other samples of case studies.Anderson, Jansen and Velde (2004) indicate that the resultant theory from the Eisenhardt process is grounded enough for application. Wood (2005) developed 6 different questionnaires, it is important because these questionnaires are used to assess economic impacts of authority events and festivals through survey peoples attitude. Cooper, Donohue and Tharenou (2007) report that there are many benefits of questionnaires. The first one is the receptions are gathered in a standardised way, so questionnaires are more objective than interviews.Then, questionnaires not only can collect data relatively quick but also can assemble a large number of people at a very low price if use telephone or postal. However, in some situations they can take a long time to design and analyse. Moreover, in some cases potential respondents will refuse to take the time to be interviewed or will refuse to a nswer some specific questions and response rates can be low from postal. In both papers, they chose different method, so the respondents and the numbers of information are different.In Moscardos research, he use cases from different countries and a variety kinds of festival and event. About 50 per cent cases were from Australia, around all of the case were regular or recurring events. In Woods research, the respondents were people and organisations, it surveyed six types, the attitudes to the region before event, event attendees and participants, non-attendees, local business, sponsors, community groups and attitudes to the region after event. The attitude surveys were carried out by telephone interview, and the numbers were selected randomly.Walliman (2011) says that when a sample is selected randomly, then every item in the population has an qualified chance of being selected. These two writing were both described literature review in their different sections. According to Easte rby-Smith, Thorpe and Jackson (2008) literature review is all their own and contribute to knowledge through literature reviews on a specific topic of research activities. They serve as precious resources for those who want to get overview of the available research in a fussy area.Literature review is always done as part of a paper highlighted key issues and related topics, and highlights the influence of conceptual or empirical studies already carried out in the field. To sum up, through comparing the methods used to the impacts of festivals and events to local and regional development in these two papers. It presents that there are mainly three differences between qualitative method and quantitative method. The biggest difference is that qualitative method express meanings through words and quantitative method is based on numbers.In addition, they both have advantages and disadvantages. Due to their different purpose of studies, one of them chose case studies and another chose qu estionnaires as their research method and explains their positive sides and negative sides. Moscardo (2007) uses case from different countries and in Woods research, the respondents were people and organisations and Wood selected the sampling randomly. Finally, the lowest portion states why need literature review and how it is significant. Above all, a research should be use suitable methods, no matter it is qualitative or quantitative.